Economic Importance of Lichens Lichens have little direct economic value. Even in a few cases where they are used commercially, as in perfumery and medicine, their importance is not widely recognized. However lichens do have considerable indirect importance in the primary food chain for grazing animals and invertebrates including insects, and their usefulness to nature is quite considerable, Lichens as food Lichens have been used as food in times of scarcity. They contain lichenin, a carbohydrate allied to starch, Cetraria islandica Cladonia spp, Evernia prunastri and Lecanorae sculenta are used as food. In India, the genus Parmelia and members of the family Usneaceae are used as food by the natives. Lichens growing on soil may contain bitter irritating acids, especially fumarprotocetraric acid, which while not poisonous, must be removed by boiling in soda. Lichens will, of course, never be utilized as food source by man on a large scale. Although their nutritive val...