Biological World

  What is somatic embryogenesis? Discuss the protocol to induce somatic embryogenesis. What are the factors affecting this phenomenon?  Somatic embryogenesis :-       Normally embryo is formed after fertilization from the single cell zygote. In plant tissue culture, the developmental pathway of numerous, well organized, small embryogenic  potential somatic plant cell of the callus tissue or cells of suspension culture is known as somatic embryogenesis. Protocol for somatic embryogenesis:-        Somatic embryogenesis may be of two types- direct and indirect. In case of direct embryogenesis, cells of explants undergo direct development from proembryonic  determines cells, in absence of callus proliferation. On the contrary indirect embryogenesis, cells of explants first undergo callus polyferation  and then embryos develop within the callus tissue from somatic embryogenic  cell.        For indirect somat...

  What is somatic hybridization? How are the protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization advantageous over traditional sexual hybridization? Find the importance of protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization.  Somatic hybridization:-        Somatic hybridization is a technique of fusing protoplast from two contrasting genotypes for production of hybrid or cybrids  which contain various mixtures of nuclear acid and/or cytoplasmic genomes, respectively. Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization advantageous over traditional sexual hybridization:-        In protoplast technology, from any two genotypically  different plant protoplasts are isolated from the somatic cell and are experimentally fused to obtain parasexual  hybrid protoplast. Isolation of protoplast and in vitro fusion are two techniques developed in tissue culture. Diagram        These are advantageous over the traditional sexual hybridizati...

          Various methods of gene delivery to a potential transgenic plant        The uptake of foreign DNA or transgenes by plant cell is called transformation. A variety of techniques have been used to introduce transgene into plant cell. This can be grouped into following two major categories:-        a)  Agrobacterium  mediated gene transfer.        b) Direct gene transfer. a)  Agrobacterium  mediated gene transfer :-        The gene transfer through  Agrobacterium  is achieved in the two ways –        (i) Co culture with tissue explants        (ii) In plant a transformation        In the 1 st  method  Agrobacterium  is co cellular with tissue explants (generally leaf discs). The transgene is delivered by this bacterium into the explants cell with the help of acetosyringone. T...