Biological World

1. In electron microscopy, to detect specific macromolecule or structure such as spindle pole body (SPB), the frequently used procedure is to couple secondary antibody with (a) Alexa 568  (b) Cy5 (c) Gold particle  (d) Osmium tetraoxide 2.Which of the following statements is correct for the process of speciation? (a) Allopatric speciation occurs between adjacent populations. (b) Parapatric speciation may, occur between geographically separated populations. (c) Sympatric speciation occurs within one continuously distributed population. (d) Sympatric speciation occurs when continuously distributed populations are fragmented. 3.Which one of the following does not contribute to microevolutionary change? (a) Mutation  (b) Random mating (c) Genetic drift  (d) Natural selection 4. A multimeric proteins when run on an SDS gel showed 2 bands at 20 kDa and 40 kDa. However,  when the protein was run on a native gel, showed a single band at 120 kDa. The native from of ...

  Phytochemical Constituents of  Kaempferia galanga  L.  Bioactive compounds derived from plants, have enriched the chemical and pharmaceutical sector since long time. Any medicinally recognized plant is characterized by the diversity of chemical and pharmacological constituents. Kaempferia galanga  L. has complex of various constituents which are very popular in many countries for disease management. A total of 49 compounds including 05 esters, 15 terpenoids, 02 flavonoids, 03 thiourea derivatives, 09 polysaccharides, 06 diarylhaptanoids, 01 phenolic glycoside, 03 phenolic acids, 04 benzoic acids and 01 cyclic lipodepsipeptide have been identified from K. galanga  (Kumar 2020).  Rhizomes of the plant have been reported to have different types of volatile oils including ethyl cinnamate, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, γ-cadinene, 1,8-cineole, δ-carene, borneol, ethyl-m-methoxycinnamate, camphene, linoleoyl chloride and α-pinene (Kumar 2014). K. galanga ...

 1. Which of the following is a correct statement? (a) Methanomonas bacteria, present in gut of ruminant  animals, are obligate anaerobic, which are used in  production of biogas. (b) Vast majority of bacteria are autotrophic and a few are  heterotrophic. (c) Bacterial structure is simple, they are very complex  in behaviour and show the most extensive metabolic  diversity. (d) Mycoplasma are facultative anaerobic. 2. ‘Citrus canker’ is a well known disease of citrus plants,  characterised by development of holes in their leaves due  to necrosis caused by (a) Pseudomonas citri  (b) Penicillium citri (c) Trichoderma citri  (d) Xanthomonas citri. 3. Which of the following statements are true w.r.t. bacteria? (i) Typical bacteria are 1-2 mm in size. (ii) Glycocalyx differs in composition and thickness among  different bacteria. (iii) Fimbriae are elongated tubular structures formed of  special protein, help in attachment of bacter...

Mycorrhizae are the tremendous component of the earth ecosystem. Technically mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between arbuscular fungus and roots of higher plants. The mycorrhizal fungi found in symbiosis with plant roots are an important connecting link between the plant and soil and are responsible for increased mineral uptake mainly by increasing the volume of soil available to the host through the production of extra-matrical hyphae (Miller et al.,1985). Convensionally there are  seven types of mycorrhiza present in the environment, viz., endo-, ecto-, ectendo-, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhiza (Amadou et al., 2014). Among  them endomycorrhiza or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) have gained much attention by the modern researchers. Taxonomically VAM belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota. Fungal component of VAM is often called as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi or AMF. As per the recent literature Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi  comprise...

Intellectual property  Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs. In recent years, instruments enforcing intellectual property rights (IPR), such as patents and trade secrets, have received attention as mechanisms by which biodiversity resources may be maintained while promoting sustainable d...

Viruses are obligate, intercellular parasites which can be viewed with the aid of an electron microscope. In Latin word ‘virus’ means poison or venom. A simple virus particle behaves as living with host cell and as non living outside the cell. They use both animals and plants as host. Till today more than 100 types of plant viruses are discovered. Among the plant viruses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) has been studied most extensively both in the field as well as in the laboratory. Structure : TMV was discovered be D. Iwanoswski in 1892. But its isolation from infected plants and crystallization was done by W. M. Stanley in 1935. It is the most serious pathogen causing mosaic on tobacco leaves. Under electron microscope, it appears as a non enveloped rigid rod with a helical symmetry. Each rod is approximately 3000 A ◦ in length and 170 A ° in diameter and has a molecular weight of approximately 400000.        The electron microscopic and X ray crystallog...

DNA finger printing or DNA profiling is a technique of DNA diagnosis in which images of the DNA band is recorded on an X-ray film. This method was developed by Alec Jeffreys in 1984. Methodology: DNA fingerginting is based the sequence polymorphism that occurs in the the genome of every organisms. The sequence polymorphism are slight sequence differences ually single base pair changes, that occur from individuals to individuals once every few hundred base pairs on average. Each difference from the consensus genome sequence is generally present in only a fraction of the population but every individual has some of them. These polymorphic loci are called minisatellite or VNTR (variable number tandem repeat). Thus VNTR serve as a marker key for identification in DNA finger printing.  1. Isolation of Cell DNA :  DNA is isolated from the source material and the suspected individuals. Any biological materials such as drop of saliva, semen, teeth bones, tissues, roots etc are used t...