Reproductive Structures of Pteridophyte

  Reproductive Structures of Pteridophyte The Pteridophyte sporophyte, besides being a prominent component of soil and vegetation, is an important ornamental plant in gardens and lawns. Indoors, its gracefulness and shape fit it ideally as a plant for pot culture in hallways and living rooms, especially during the months of November to March. Transportation of whole plants from one place to another without damage is attempted by packing them in sand, decomposed silt, ashes, or sawdust. Despite their rich horticultural value, many Pteridophytes are vanishing from nature due to indiscriminate destruction of their natural habitats and capturing of species for ornamental purposes. The best means of conservation is an adequate botanical knowledge of these plants, together with their habitats. The approaches of the non-destructive collection of herbarium specimens are now being stressed. The collection is also supplemented with data regarding the locality and habitat, so as to make it de...

Fungi in Production of Organic Acid

 Fungi in Production of Organic Acids

Biochemical activities of several fungi are utilized in the commercial production of organic acids.

1. Citric acid: It is produced by fermenting sucrose and molasses by Aspergillus niger and A. wentii. Citric acid is used in soft drinks and other foods and medicinal preparations. It is a superior sequestering agent and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, electroplating and leather tanning.

2. Itaconic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus itaconicum and A. terreusIt is widely used in the manufacture of alkyl resins, synthetic fibres and plasticizers.

3. Gluconic acid: It is produced by fermenting sugars by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium purpurogenum. It is used in pharmaceutical, food, textile, leather and photographic industries.

4. Kojic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus oryzae. It possesses insecticidal and antibiotic properties and is used in the preparation of pyridines, ethers, esters, azodyes, etc.

5. Gallic acid: It is synthesized by the hydrolysis of gallotannin present in gall nuts by Penicillium glaucum and Aspergillus gallomyces. It is used in the manufacture of inks and dyes.

6. Fumaric acid: It is obtained by fermentation of sugars by Rhizopus stolonifer. It is used in the manufacture of alkyl resins and wetting agents.

7. OthersBesides, several species of Mucor and Rhizopus are used in the production of lactic, oxalic and succinic acids.



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