Practical: Study of Nostoc

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 Practical: Study of Nostoc Nostoc is a filamentous, photosynthetic cyanobacterium. It commonly occurs in freshwater, moist soil, wet rocks and other damp habitats. Colonies are usually gelatinous because numerous filaments remain embedded in a mucilaginous matrix. Materials Required Fresh or preserved Nostoc material, clean glass slide, cover slip, dropper, dissecting needle, water, blotting paper and compound microscope. Procedure Take a small quantity of Nostoc colony with the help of a dissecting needle and place it on a clean glass slide. Add one or two drops of water and gently tease the material so that the filaments become separated. Place a cover slip carefully over the material without trapping air bubbles. Remove excess water with blotting paper. First observe the preparation under low power and then under high power of the compound microscope. Observations The plant body of Nostoc is thalloid and usually forms a soft, jelly-like colony. A colony contains numerous ...

Fungi in Production of Organic Acid

 Fungi in Production of Organic Acids

Biochemical activities of several fungi are utilized in the commercial production of organic acids.

1. Citric acid: It is produced by fermenting sucrose and molasses by Aspergillus niger and A. wentii. Citric acid is used in soft drinks and other foods and medicinal preparations. It is a superior sequestering agent and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, electroplating and leather tanning.

2. Itaconic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus itaconicum and A. terreusIt is widely used in the manufacture of alkyl resins, synthetic fibres and plasticizers.

3. Gluconic acid: It is produced by fermenting sugars by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium purpurogenum. It is used in pharmaceutical, food, textile, leather and photographic industries.

4. Kojic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus oryzae. It possesses insecticidal and antibiotic properties and is used in the preparation of pyridines, ethers, esters, azodyes, etc.

5. Gallic acid: It is synthesized by the hydrolysis of gallotannin present in gall nuts by Penicillium glaucum and Aspergillus gallomyces. It is used in the manufacture of inks and dyes.

6. Fumaric acid: It is obtained by fermentation of sugars by Rhizopus stolonifer. It is used in the manufacture of alkyl resins and wetting agents.

7. OthersBesides, several species of Mucor and Rhizopus are used in the production of lactic, oxalic and succinic acids.



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