Objectives of Plant Breeding

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Major Objectives of Plant Breeding Program Plant breeding is an important branch of agricultural science. Its main purpose is to develop new and improved crop varieties. These improved varieties give better yield, better quality, and better resistance against diseases and harmful environmental conditions. A plant breeding program is planned according to the needs of farmers, consumers, industries, and climate. The major objectives of plant breeding are explained below in simple paragraph form. 1. Higher Yield The first and most important objective of plant breeding is to increase crop yield. Food demand is increasing due to rapid population growth, so breeders try to develop varieties that produce more grains, fruits, seeds, or biomass per unit area. High-yielding varieties help farmers earn more profit and improve food security. This is why yield improvement is considered the central objective of every breeding program. 2. Improved Quality Another major objective is to improve t...
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Fungi in Production of Organic Acid

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 Fungi in Production of Organic Acids

Biochemical activities of several fungi are utilized in the commercial production of organic acids.

1. Citric acid: It is produced by fermenting sucrose and molasses by Aspergillus niger and A. wentii. Citric acid is used in soft drinks and other foods and medicinal preparations. It is a superior sequestering agent and is used in the manufacture of ink, dyeing, electroplating and leather tanning.

2. Itaconic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus itaconicum and A. terreus. It is widely used in the manufacture of alkyl resins, synthetic fibres and plasticizers.

3. Gluconic acid: It is produced by fermenting sugars by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium purpurogenum. It is used in pharmaceutical, food, textile, leather and photographic industries.

4. Kojic acid: It is produced by fermentation of sugars by Aspergillus oryzae. It possesses insecticidal and antibiotic properties and is used in the preparation of pyridines, ethers, esters, azodyes, etc.

5. Gallic acid: It is synthesized by the hydrolysis of gallotannin present in gall nuts by Penicillium glaucum and Aspergillus gallomyces. It is used in the manufacture of inks and dyes.

6. Fumaric acid: It is obtained by fermentation of sugars by Rhizopus stolonifer. It is used in the manufacture of alkyl resins and wetting agents.

7. Others: Besides, several species of Mucor and Rhizopus are used in the production of lactic, oxalic and succinic acids.



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