Biological World

 

 

 

 

LICHEN MONITORING- Lichens are dual organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga. They are also referred to as composite plants. They often grow in tropical and temperate climates. They require moisture, a reasonable temperature, sunshine, and a clean environment. They can be found on leaves, tree trunks, and exposed rocks. Lichens are intriguing composite creatures that originated and varied as a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus. The connected entity grows at a pace of l-5 mm per year on their substratum and can live for tens or hundreds of years. Lichen growth types are generally visible on the substrates, generating grey, green, dark brown, and orange patches. They are divided into three primary categories depending on their morphology and size: crustose (crust-like), foliose (leaf-like), and fruticose (shrubby). The lichens in the first group are known as microlichens, whereas the lichens in the second and third categories are...

 

  Endoenzymes and Exoenzymes Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells in which they were produced are called endoenzymes or intracellular enzyme. Most of the enzymes involving in the primary and secondary metabolisms of plants are endoenzymes. These enzymes never come out of the cells under normal conditions until the cell wall and plasma membrane are disturbed. After completion of the lifespan, they are destroyed within the cell in which they were produced. Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions outside the cells in which they were produced are called exoenzymes or extracellular enzymes. Desmolysing enzymes that breakdown the complex materials outside the cells are all exoenzymes. They are usually secreted by heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria and fungi. Proteases, cellulases, amylases, lipases, etc. are examples for exoenzymes. These enzymes come out of the cell and do catalytic reactions in the cell's environment...