Agroforestry

AGROFORESTRY IN INDIA Agroforestry can be defined as an economically based land use management system that is the integration of agriculture where trees are grown around the crops as a shelterbelt or among them. Agroforestry can combat climate change, sustains economic, social and environmental benefits for the people and also important for carbon sequestration. This article highlights agroforestry practices in India. They include the history, scope of agroforestry in India also the agrobiodiversity hotspots areas and practices in different regions. Introduction: Agroforestry is the combination of agriculture and forestry which is beneficial to soil erosion, soil fertility, biodiversity, economy of farmers and sustainability of nature. Agroforestry is a land use system where trees are grown with crops around or among them. India is predominantly agriculture-based country. More than 75 per cent Indian population lives in villages and they are dependent on agriculture, animal rearing, fishing and forestry. Agroforestry is recognized as a land use option which gives the awareness among the farmers of multiple land use practices. These practices become so important where rate of population is very high and nature of land use is limited. In developing countries like India, the agroforestry provides them food, fodder, fuel and income and improvement in their socio-economic status at a single time. Agroforestry system also reduced deforestation. Agroforestry has the potential to achieve ecosystem sustainability while optimizing its agricultural productivity and in addition to mitigating climate change impact which has now been globally recognized. History of Agroforestry: In Indian countries, for centuries agroforestry has traditionally been a way of livelihood. During Vedic era the origin of agroforestry practices is believed to have started. It has been traditionally important in India since Mesolithic period. In some Vedic literature like Brihat Samhita describe relationship between trees and irrigation tank. But in India, the scientific approach to agroforestry has been realized recently. The research work on this system was started during late 1960s by the CAZRI (Central Arid Zone Research Institute), Jodhpur; Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training, Dehradun; North-Eastern Hill Region in India. Scope of Agroforestry: Agroforestry is a great land use option as its increased food production and environmental conservation. This agroforestry system is adopted in a large area of boundaries and wasteland areas where most annual crops are growing very well, permits the growing of suitable tree species in those fields. Higher income is also assured by agroforestry system even in extreme adverse conditions. The scope of agroforestry is also studied as yield of goods and services to society, biodiversity conservation, increase of carbon storages in agroecosystems, improving soil fertility, enhancing economic and social well-being to people. Realizing such good scope, the all Indian research project on agroforestry was initiated in 1983 to initially operate at eight research institutes of the ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural research) and many other agricultural universities. Since agroforestry is a land use management system that results in more outputs without declination of its fertility. Thus, a shining future of agroforestry in India is unavoidable. Agroforestry for Combating Climate Change in India: For the farmers of arid regions in India, climate change which is the greatest global challenge is already a reality. The arid areas of Gujrat, Western Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab constitute the Great India Desert which is known as Thar Desert. The environment of those areas is extremely diverse in terms of their soils, land forms, flora, fauna, human activities and water balance. In arid regions of our country, agroforestry has been a practice since the ancient period. Farmers cultivate crops with trees to resistant draught are also able to provide fuel, fruits, fodder and other products when the crops fail. Fig: Agrosilviculture & Agropastoral (Arid region). Types of Agroforestry: Agroforestry can be categorized according to these set of criteria: - A. STRUCTURAL BASIS: NAME OF COMPONENTS ARRANGEMENT OF COMPONENTS I. Agri silviculture Crops and trees II. Silvipastoral Animals and trees III. Agrosilvipastoral Crops, animals, trees B. FUNCTIONAL BASIS: NAME OF COMPONENTS ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPONENTS 1. Productive function Food, fodder, fuelwood and others products. 2. Protective function Windbreak, shelterbelts, soil conservation, shade etc. Agrobiodiversity: Agrobiodiversity is an important sub-set of biodiversity which is the outcome of natural selection processes and an inventive development of herders, farmers and fishermen over million years. Agrobiodiversity is the result of genetic resources, interaction between the environment and practices by culturally diverse people. It is the variability of plants, animals and micro-organism that are necessary for agro-ecosystem and is managed by both male and female farmers. Agrobiodiversity can increase productivity, make farming system more stable and sustainable, conserve soil and increase soil fertility. It also protects ecosystem structure and improve human nutrition. In India there are so many regions where agrobiodiversity are practices. Agrobiodiversity Hotspots in India: In order to minimize the adverse impact of uncertain environmental and market conditions, the farmers traditionally grow a variety of crops and this way they use agrobiodiversity as a form of natural income insurance. Agrobiodiversity can provide their income rise from uncertain environmental phenomena. There are present so many agrobiodiversity hotspots in India as following: EASTERN HIMALAYAN REGIONS: The hotspot areas are Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGIONS: Srinagar, Anantnag, kathu in Jammu & Kashmir, Udhampur, all district of Himachal Pradesh except the cold arid region and all the district of Uttarakhand are the areas of agrobiodiversity hotspot zone. COLD DESERT: The hotspot areas are cover Ladakh and Kargil. BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY: Dhubri, Goalpara, kamrup, Bongaigaon, Kokrajhar, Marigaon, Nagaon, Golaghat, Sonitpur, Jorhat, Bareta, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Sibsagar, Tinsukia are agrobiodiversity hotspot areas of Brahmaputra Valley. NORTH-EASTERN HILLS: The hotspot areas are Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Cachar. KHASIA-JAYANTI-GARO: East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, East Khasia Hills, West Khasia Hills, Ri-Bhoi, Jayanti Hills are the hotspot areas of agrobiodiversity. MALWA PLATEAU AND CENTRAL HIGHLAND: The hotspot area included the district of Bhopal, Ujjain, Sehore, Raisen, Shadol, Indore, Narsinghpur, Mandasaur, Rajghar, Mandla, Jabalpur, Umaria, Shajapur. ARID WESTERN: The hotspot areas are including the district of Sikar, Churu, Udaipur, Jhunjhunun, Dungarpur, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jalore, Nagour, Sirohi, Pali, Ganganagar, Rajasthan, Hanumanghar. UPPER GANGETIC PLAINS: Hardoi, Lucknow, Barabanki, Sitapur, Unnao, Kanpur, Rae Bareilly, Central Uttar Pradesh, Kabir Nagar, Deoaria, Maharajaganj, Kushinnagar, Sidharatnagar, Gorakhpur, North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh. LOWER GANGETIC PLAINS: The hotspot areas are Madhubani, Vaishali, Rohatas, Sheohar, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Jahanabad, Patna, Buxar, Champaran. GANGETIC DELTA: The district of Birbhum, Bardhaman, Hooghly, Howrah, Nadia, Murshidabad which situated on both side of the Hooghly river are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions. BASTAT: The district of Bastar, Durg, Bilaspur, Kanker, Jashpur, Karia, Rajnangoan, Mahasamud, Kirba, Kabirdham and Kondaigon are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions. CHOTONAGPUR: The hotspot areas are the district of Gumla, Palamou, Singhbhum, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Lohardanga and Santal Pargana in Jharkhand. SOUTH-EASTERN GHATS: Anantapur, Kurnool, Chittor, Cuddapah are the agrobiodiversity regions. KAVERI: South Arcot, Chengalput, North Arcot, Tiruchirappalli, Vellore and Pudukottai are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions. Agroforestry Practice in India: Agroforestry in Indian contributes an important role for increasing forest cover from the present level and this target set by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). In tropical countries like India, planted rapidly growing crops such as Eucalypts and Poplars are a major component of shelterbelts on many farm properties. In agroforestry system, food producing trees grown can help economic security of poor people in tropical countries. In various places in India, people use different agroforestry system. As example: In Kerala, represents a coconut growing region where perennial spices like clove, nutmeg, pepper; fruits like mango, guava, papaya; annuals like turmeric, tuber, banana, ginger, oilseeds are frequent in these systems. The farmers of Karnataka used to plant high proportion of native spices along with some exotic trees like Silver Oak in coffee plantation. The zero valley in Arunachal Pradesh grow rice and fish together as an alternative to shifting cultivation. Farmers of Konkan belt and Karnataka region cultivated Bamboo for various effective purpose viz., as a boundary on crop field. Arid region of Rajasthan, Khejari is a multipurpose tree which provides fuel, food with high calorific value and fodder and thorny wings as fencing material. This species also has some medicinal properties. In North-West Himalayan region of India Black Pepper and Pineapple are grown beneath the areca nut palm. In Bihar mango, rosewood, eucalyptus, lychee is frequently grown on field, but for boundary plantation. Farmers in Sikkim, grow bamboo all along the irrigation channels. Benefits of Agroforestry: Agroforestry is so beneficial for environment as it is an interaction between the livestock component and the crop which enhance the agricultural production of the land. Following are the benefits of agroforestry system: ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS: Development of agroforestry model in the cropping system not only accomplished the economic benefits but also ecological benefits indirectly. Plantation of trees in degraded lands could improve production of food, fodder, fuelwood and other products. It also accompanies significant intangible benefits viz., hydrological balance, carbon sequestration, soil fertility etc. while species were planted, local uses, ecological features and managements of species were kept in mind. LIVESTOCK BENEFITS: Well-planned shelterbelts are beneficial to livestock in both summer and winter. Shelterbelts in summer provide shade and in winter protect the crops from chilling wind. By these way livestock also increased. INCREASED IN PRODUCTION OF CROPS: The crop production increased when the field are adjacent to shelterbelts. These increased occurs because the wind speeds are controlled by the shelterbelts which reduce wind erosions and damage to crops. In winter wheat, rye, barley, alfalfa is highly responsive to protection. SOIL CONSERVATION: For preventing and controlling soil erosion by wind as well as rain water, field shelterbelts can be highly effective. It controls runoff, thereby reducing losses of organic matter and nutrients from the soil. Trees are much effective in reducing erosion in summer than in the winter in their leafless state. ENERGY SAVINGS: Heat loss through infiltration and condensation, is a common problem the farmers face every winter. Shelterbelts reduce the amount of these heat loss. They utilize solar enrgy more efficiently than monoculture system. OTHER BENEFITS: Agroforestry can check the development of soil toxicities or reduce soil acidification and salinization. Agroforestry cab maintain soil physical properties, soil organic matter, biological activity and soil fertility. The decomposition of tree can contribute to maintenance of soil fertility. Economic risk is reduced by agroforestry system because it provides a diverse farm economy and stimulate the whole rural economy. Conclusion: As a developing country like India agroforestry is very beneficial for economic growth. Also, India is a tropical country and India’s agriculture depends on monsoon rainfall which is very irregular in nature. Climate change is likely to threaten the food security and livelihood of millions of people in India. The role of agroforestry in sustainable land use system in India is to development of rural production. It revolves a relation between forestry and agriculture production that is indispensable for increasing sustainable wood production, food production and improvement of soil quality. References Asha Ram, I. D. (December 2018). Role of Agroforestry in Current seneraio. B.P.Bhatt, R. S. (n.d.). Agroforestry Practice and AGROFORESTRY IN INDIA

 Agroforestry can be defined as an economically based land use management system that is the integration of agriculture where trees are grown around the crops as a shelterbelt or among them. Agroforestry can combat climate change, sustains economic, social and environmental benefits for the people and also important for carbon sequestration. This article highlights agroforestry practices in India. They include the history, scope of agroforestry in India also the agrobiodiversity hotspots areas and practices in different regions.

Introduction: Agroforestry is the combination of agriculture and forestry which is beneficial to soil erosion, soil fertility, biodiversity, economy of farmers and sustainability of nature. Agroforestry is a land use system where trees are grown with crops around or among them. India is predominantly agriculture-based country. More than 75 per cent Indian population lives in villages and they are dependent on agriculture, animal rearing, fishing and forestry. Agroforestry is recognized as a land use option which gives the awareness among the farmers of multiple land use practices. These practices become so important where rate of population is very high and nature of land use is limited. In developing countries like India, the agroforestry provides them food, fodder, fuel and income and improvement in their socio-economic status at a single time. Agroforestry system also reduced deforestation. Agroforestry has the potential to achieve ecosystem sustainability while optimizing its agricultural productivity and in addition to mitigating climate change impact which has now been globally recognized.

History of Agroforestry: In Indian countries, for centuries agroforestry has traditionally been a way of livelihood. During Vedic era the origin of agroforestry practices is believed to have started.  It has been traditionally important in India since Mesolithic period. In some Vedic literature like Brihat Samhita describe relationship between trees and irrigation tank. But in India, the scientific approach to agroforestry has been realized recently. The research work on this system was started during late 1960s by the CAZRI (Central Arid Zone Research Institute), Jodhpur; Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training, Dehradun; North-Eastern Hill Region in India.

Scope of Agroforestry: Agroforestry is a great land use option as its increased food production and environmental conservation. This agroforestry system is adopted in a large area of boundaries and wasteland areas where most annual crops are growing very well, permits the growing of suitable tree species in those fields. Higher income is also assured by agroforestry system even in extreme adverse conditions. The scope of agroforestry is also studied as yield of goods and services to society, biodiversity conservation, increase of carbon storages in agroecosystems, improving soil fertility, enhancing economic and social well-being to people. Realizing such good scope, the all Indian research project on agroforestry was initiated in 1983 to initially operate at eight research institutes of the ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural research) and many other agricultural universities. Since agroforestry is a land use management system that results in more outputs without declination of its fertility. Thus, a shining future of agroforestry in India is unavoidable.  

Agroforestry for Combating Climate Change in India: For the farmers of arid regions in India, climate change which is the greatest global challenge is already a reality. The arid areas of Gujrat, Western Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab constitute the Great India Desert which is known as Thar Desert. The environment of those areas is extremely diverse in terms of their soils, land forms, flora, fauna, human activities and water balance. In arid regions of our country, agroforestry has been a practice since the ancient period. Farmers cultivate crops with trees to resistant draught are also able to provide fuel, fruits, fodder and other products when the crops fail.

Fig: Agrosilviculture & Agropastoral (Arid region).

Types of Agroforestry: Agroforestry can be categorized according to these set of criteria: -

A. STRUCTURAL BASIS:

NAME OF COMPONENTS	ARRANGEMENT OF COMPONENTS
I. Agri silviculture	Crops and trees
II. Silvipastoral	Animals and trees
III. Agrosilvipastoral	Crops, animals, trees

 

B. FUNCTIONAL BASIS:

NAME OF COMPONENTS	ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPONENTS
1. Productive function	Food, fodder, fuelwood and others products.
2. Protective function	Windbreak, shelterbelts, soil conservation, shade etc.

 

Agrobiodiversity: Agrobiodiversity is an important sub-set of biodiversity which is the outcome of natural selection processes and an inventive development of herders, farmers and fishermen over million years. Agrobiodiversity is the result of genetic resources, interaction between the environment and practices by culturally diverse people. It is the variability of plants, animals and micro-organism that are necessary for agro-ecosystem and is managed by both male and female farmers. Agrobiodiversity can increase productivity, make farming system more stable and sustainable, conserve soil and increase soil fertility. It also protects ecosystem structure and improve human nutrition. In India there are so many regions where agrobiodiversity are practices.

Agrobiodiversity Hotspots in India: In order to minimize the adverse impact of uncertain environmental and market conditions, the farmers traditionally grow a variety of crops and this way they use agrobiodiversity as a form of natural income insurance. Agrobiodiversity can provide their income rise from uncertain environmental phenomena. There are present so many agrobiodiversity hotspots in India as following:  

EASTERN HIMALAYAN REGIONS: The hotspot areas are Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal.

WESTERN HIMALAYAN REGIONS: Srinagar, Anantnag, kathu in Jammu & Kashmir, Udhampur, all district of Himachal Pradesh except the cold arid region and all the district of Uttarakhand are the areas of agrobiodiversity hotspot zone.

COLD DESERT: The hotspot areas are cover Ladakh and Kargil.

BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY: Dhubri, Goalpara, kamrup, Bongaigaon, Kokrajhar, Marigaon, Nagaon, Golaghat, Sonitpur, Jorhat, Bareta, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Sibsagar, Tinsukia are agrobiodiversity hotspot areas of Brahmaputra Valley.

NORTH-EASTERN HILLS: The hotspot areas are Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Cachar.

KHASIA-JAYANTI-GARO: East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, East Khasia Hills, West Khasia Hills, Ri-Bhoi, Jayanti Hills are the hotspot areas of agrobiodiversity.

MALWA PLATEAU AND CENTRAL HIGHLAND: The hotspot area included the district of Bhopal, Ujjain, Sehore, Raisen, Shadol, Indore, Narsinghpur, Mandasaur, Rajghar, Mandla, Jabalpur, Umaria, Shajapur.

ARID WESTERN: The hotspot areas are including the district of Sikar, Churu, Udaipur, Jhunjhunun, Dungarpur, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jalore, Nagour, Sirohi, Pali, Ganganagar, Rajasthan, Hanumanghar.

UPPER GANGETIC PLAINS: Hardoi, Lucknow, Barabanki, Sitapur, Unnao, Kanpur, Rae Bareilly, Central Uttar Pradesh, Kabir Nagar, Deoaria, Maharajaganj, Kushinnagar, Sidharatnagar, Gorakhpur, North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

LOWER GANGETIC PLAINS: The hotspot areas are Madhubani, Vaishali, Rohatas, Sheohar, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Jahanabad, Patna, Buxar, Champaran.

GANGETIC DELTA: The district of Birbhum, Bardhaman, Hooghly, Howrah, Nadia, Murshidabad which situated on both side of the Hooghly river are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions.

BASTAT: The district of Bastar, Durg, Bilaspur, Kanker, Jashpur, Karia, Rajnangoan, Mahasamud, Kirba, Kabirdham and Kondaigon are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions.

CHOTONAGPUR: The hotspot areas are the district of Gumla, Palamou, Singhbhum, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Lohardanga and Santal Pargana in Jharkhand.

SOUTH-EASTERN GHATS: Anantapur, Kurnool, Chittor, Cuddapah are the agrobiodiversity regions.

KAVERI: South Arcot, Chengalput, North Arcot, Tiruchirappalli, Vellore and Pudukottai are the agrobiodiversity hotspot regions.

Agroforestry Practice in India: Agroforestry in Indian contributes an important role for increasing forest cover from the present level and this target set by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). In tropical countries like India, planted rapidly growing crops such as Eucalypts and Poplars are a major component of shelterbelts on many farm properties. In agroforestry system, food producing trees grown can help economic security of poor people in tropical countries. In various places in India, people use different agroforestry system. As example:

 

In Kerala, represents a coconut growing region where perennial spices like clove, nutmeg, pepper; fruits like mango, guava, papaya; annuals like turmeric, tuber, banana, ginger, oilseeds are frequent in these systems.

 

 

The farmers of Karnataka used to plant high proportion of native spices along with some exotic trees like Silver Oak in coffee plantation.

 

 

The zero valley in Arunachal Pradesh grow rice and fish together as an alternative to shifting cultivation.

 

 

Farmers of Konkan belt and Karnataka region cultivated Bamboo for various effective purpose viz., as a boundary on crop field.

 

Arid region of Rajasthan, Khejari is a multipurpose tree which provides fuel, food with high calorific value and fodder and thorny wings as fencing material. This species also has some medicinal properties.

 

 

In North-West Himalayan region of India Black Pepper and Pineapple are grown beneath the areca nut palm.

In Bihar mango, rosewood, eucalyptus, lychee is frequently grown on field, but for boundary plantation.

 

 

Farmers in Sikkim, grow bamboo all along the irrigation channels.    

             

Benefits of Agroforestry: Agroforestry is so beneficial for environment as it is an interaction between the livestock component and the crop which enhance the agricultural production of the land. Following are the benefits of agroforestry system:

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS: Development of agroforestry model in the cropping system not only accomplished the economic benefits but also ecological benefits indirectly. Plantation of trees in degraded lands could improve production of food, fodder, fuelwood and other products. It also accompanies significant intangible benefits viz., hydrological balance, carbon sequestration, soil fertility etc. while species were planted, local uses, ecological features and managements of species were kept in mind.

 

LIVESTOCK BENEFITS: Well-planned shelterbelts are beneficial to livestock in both summer and winter. Shelterbelts in summer provide shade and in winter protect the crops from chilling wind. By these way livestock also increased.

INCREASED IN PRODUCTION OF CROPS: The crop production increased when the field are adjacent to shelterbelts. These increased occurs because the wind speeds are controlled by the shelterbelts which reduce wind erosions and damage to crops. In winter wheat, rye, barley, alfalfa is highly responsive to protection.

 

SOIL CONSERVATION: For preventing and controlling soil erosion by wind as well as rain water, field shelterbelts can be highly effective. It controls runoff, thereby reducing losses of organic matter and nutrients from the soil. Trees are much effective in reducing erosion in summer than in the winter in their leafless state.

 

 

ENERGY SAVINGS: Heat loss through infiltration and condensation, is a common problem the farmers face every winter. Shelterbelts reduce the amount of these heat loss. They utilize solar enrgy more efficiently than monoculture system.

 

OTHER BENEFITS:

Agroforestry can check the development of soil toxicities or reduce soil acidification and salinization.

Agroforestry cab maintain soil physical properties, soil organic matter, biological activity and soil fertility.

The decomposition of tree can contribute to maintenance of soil fertility.

Economic risk is reduced by agroforestry system because it provides a diverse farm economy and stimulate the whole rural economy.

     

 

Conclusion: As a developing country like India agroforestry is very beneficial for economic growth. Also, India is a tropical country and India’s agriculture depends on monsoon rainfall which is very irregular in nature. Climate change is likely to threaten the food security and livelihood of millions of people in India. The role of agroforestry in sustainable land use system in India is to development of rural production. It revolves a relation between forestry and agriculture production that is indispensable for increasing sustainable wood production, food production and improvement of soil quality.

 

 

References

 

Asha Ram, I. D. (December 2018). Role of Agroforestry in Current seneraio. 

B.P.Bhatt, R. S. (n.d.). Agroforestry Practice and Research an Overview. 

Basue, J. P. (2013). Agroforestry, Climate Change Mitigation and Livelhood Security in India. 

Eduardo Jose Somarriba, M. I. (n.d.). Definition and Classification of agroforestry Systems. 

G.Rajeshwar Rao, M. P. (n.d.). Agroforestry Opportunities for Enhancing Resiliences to Climate Change in Railfed Areas. 

Gokhale, D. Y. (n.d.). Access and Benefit sharing in Indian contex: A developing country perspective. 

Harold Brookfield, M. S. (n.d.). Agrodiversity: Definition, Description and Design. 

Hasanuzzaman, M. (n.d.). Classification of Agroforestry System. 

K.P. Mahapatra, P. C. (n.d.). Agroforestry: An Integral Component of Natural Resource Conservation in the North Eastern Region. 

Kumar, B. (n.d.). Agroforestry Systems Practices of Kerala. 

Kumar, B. (January 2007). Coconut - based agroforestry for productive and protective benefits. 

M.P.Nayar, A. K. (n.d.). Agrobiodiversity hotspots in india: Conservation and Benefits Sharing Volume II. 

MK. Jlaariya, S. B. (n.d.). Possibilites and Perspective of Agroforestry in Chhatisgarh. 

MM Roy, J. T. (2011). Agroforestry for Climate Change Adoptations and Livelihood Improvement in Indian Hot Arid Regions. 

Monterio, F. (n.d.). Agrobiodiversity: from definition to application. 

Nair, P. (n.d.). An Introduction of Agroforestry. 

Nayar, N. (January 2011). Agrobiodiversity in a Biodiversity Hotspot: Kerala State, India. Its Origine and Status. 

pandey, D. N. (n.d.). Multificational Agroforestry Systems in India. 

s. Poonia, A. R. (2013). Climate Change and Its Impact on Thar Desert Ecosystem. 

Sarah E.Brown, D. C., & Pablo J.Ordonez, K. B. (n.d.). Evidence for the impact of agroforesrty on agricultural productivity, ecosystem service, and human well-being in high-income countries: asystem map protocol. 

Shva Devi, M. P. (2016). Biodiversity Monitoring: A Pre-Condition to Access and Benefits Sharing the Indian Biological DiversityAct,2002. 

Sinclair, F. (n.d.). A General Classificatin of Agroforestry Practice. 

Tannis Thorlakason, H. N. (n.d.). Reducing subsistance farmers' vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contribitions of agroforestry in Western Kenya. 

Thiru Selvan, S. K. (n.d.). Agroforestry in the Himalayas.