ECOLOGY mcq

ECOLOGY

1. Which one is not a pollutant:

(a) Heavy metal

(b) Photo Chemical Smog

(d) VAM

2. Pollution of big cities can be controlled to large extent by-

(a) Wide roads and factories away from city

(b) Cleanliness drive and proper use of pesticides

(d) All of the above

3. The Ecological pyramid that is always upright

(a) Pyramid of energy

(b) Pyramid of biomass

(d) None of the above

4. “Green house effect” with respect to global warming refers to-

(a) Cooling & moist condition

(b) Warming effect

(d) Desertification

5. In India, Tropical rain forest occurs in-

(a) Jammu and Kashmir

(b) Andaman & Nicobar

(d) Himachal Pradesh

6. Insectivorous plant generally grow in soil which is deficient in

(a) Water

(b) Nitrogen

(d) Calcium

7. Atomospheric ozone layer which protect us from UV-B & C is getting depleted most by addition of-

(a) Chloro flurocarbon

(b) Carbon monooxide

(d) Sulpur dioxide

8. A high BOD value in aquatic environment is indicative of-

(a) A pollution free system

(b) A highly polluted system due to excess of nutrients

(d) A highly pure water with abundance of autotrophs

9. In which of the following the maximum plant diversity is found-

(a) Tropical evergreen forests (b) Tropical moist deciduous forests

10. A term biotype means-

(a) All individuals having same phenotype

(b) All individuals having same genotype

(d) All individuals with different genotype

11. Among the following environmental pollutants has the problem of biomagnifications-

(a) SO₂

(b) NO₃

(d) O₃ & CO₂

12. An increase in the atmospheric level of automobile exhaust gases does not lead to-

(a) Pb Pollution

(b) O3 Pollution

(d) O3 Pollution

13. The compound mainly responsible for pollution which caused the ill famed Bhopal gas tragedy was-

(a) NH₄OH

(b) CH₃NCO

(d) CHCl₃

14. In recycling of mineral elements within an ecosystem, the responsible direct acting organism are called-

(a) Decomposers

(b) Producers

(d) Secondary consumers

15. Eutrophication of water bodies resulting to killing of fishes is mainly due to-

(a) Non-availability of food

(b) Non-availability of light

(d) Non-availability of essential minerals

16. The pyramid of biomass will be inverted in the ecosystem of-

(a) Forests

(b) Ponds

(d) Drylands

17. Primary productivity at the climax stage of a succession is-

(a) Higher then consumption

(b) Lower then the consumption

(d) Not related to consumption

18. UV radiations is injurious to plants because it-

(a) Break phosphate bonds

(b) Increases respiration

19. The pyramid of number of a parasitic food chain in forest ecosystem is-

(a) Always inverted (b) Mixture of inverted & upright

(d) Always upright

20. The most stable ecosystem could be-

(a) Ponds (b) Oceans (c) Desert (d) Forest

21. Air pollutant gases causing acid rain are-

(a) CO₂ & Cl₂ (b) CO₂ & O₃ (c) SO₂ & NO_x (d) CFC & CO₂

22. Plants that grows in saline water lodged habitat are called-

(a) Xerophytes (b) Halophytes (c) Mangrooves (d) Mesophytes

23. Petro-crop plantation refers to-

(a) Establishing gobar gas plant (b) Planting fast growing trees

24. Which of the following is true climax according to monoclimax theory-

(a) Edaphic climax (c) Climatic climax

(b) Biotic climax (d) Physiographic climax

25. Ecotype is-

(a) Genetically different but phenotypically similar

(b) Genetically different but ecologically different individuals

(d) Genetically & phenotypically dissimilar

26. Competition is the most severe between the two-

(a) Closely related species growing in different niche

(b) Closely related species growing in same habitat

(d) Distantly related species growing in different niche

27. In ecological succession from pioneer to climax community, the biomass shall-

(a) Decrease (b) No relation

28. Rate of storage of organic matter not used by heterotrophs is termed as-

(a) Net productivity (b) Net primary productivity

29. Abyssal zone in ocean has-

(a) No sunlight but contains decomposers and consumers

(b) No sunlight but contain producers

(d) Sunlight and producers

30. Climate of world is threatened by-

(a) Increasing amount of atmospheric O2

(b) Decreasing amount of atmospheric O2

(d) Decreasing amount of atmospheric CO2

31. Among the following green house gases will absorb the light of wavelength-

(a) 200 nm (b) 300 nm (c) 350 nm (d) 450 nm

32. The photochemical smog is produced by-

(a) Nitrogen oxides (b) Hydrocarbons

(d) Solar radiation on NOX & hydrocarbon

33. Major aerosol pollutant in jet plane emission is-

(a) SO2 (b) CO (c) Methane (d) Flurocarbon

34. Those species whose populations have been seriously depleted and whose ultimately security is not assured is known

(a) Threatened species (b) Endangered species

35. Wild life is destroyed most when-

(a) There is lack of proper care

(b) Mass scale hunting for foreign trade

(d) Natural calamity

36. Increased incidence of floods in plains of North India are due to-

(a) Increased deforestation in catchment areas

(b) Increase in incidence of rainfall

(d) More area under cultivation

37. The two major aspects of ecosystem are-structure and function. By function we mean-

(a) The rate of biological energy flow i.e., the rate of production of respiration of community

(b) Biological or ecological regulation including both regulation of organisms by environment and relation of environment by the organisms

(d) None of the above

38. Micro consumers are popularly known as-

(a) Primary consumer (b) Secondary consumer

39. Moss bags, epiphytic lichens and mosses have used for monitoring-

(a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution

40. The maximum primary productivity is seen in-

(a) Grasslands (b) Tropical rain forest (c) Deserts (d) Mangroves

41. Ticks on cattle or cattle ergot feed on lice is an example of –

(a) Ammensalism (b) Commensalism

42. When mimic resembles a ferocious/ poisonous/distasteful organism for eg. Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly is –

(a) Aggressive mimicry (b) Conscious mimicry

43. Early successful stages are tolerant of the harsh, abiotic condition in barren areas are characterized by-

(a) Weedy a-selected (b) Weedy r-selected

44. As ecosystem matures more g-selected replace g-selected. During this species richness and total biomass increase. Under such condition productivity-

(a) Also Increase (b) remains unchanged

45. Limitating factor in temperate and boreal forest is-

(a) Nutrients (b) Frost (c) Oxygen (d) Sunlight

46. Limitating factor for plant growth in steppes and desert is-

(a) Nutrients (b) Water (c) Oxygen (d) Sunlight

47. No succession is seen in Savannah grasslands –

(a) Regular fires (b) Paucity of Nutrients

48. Diversity between geographical areas within one overall large area-

(a) a- Diversity (b) b-diversity (c) g- Diversity (d) m-diversity

49. The characteristic population growth curve of bacteria is-

(a) Straight (b) S shaped (c) J shaped (d) Random

50. The maximum biodiversity will occur at-

(a) Poles (b) Deserts (c) grasslands (d) Alpines

51. Chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate. They take good care of their young, and most chimps live a long life. The chimp survivorship curve would look like

(a) a line that slopes gradually upward

(b) a relatively flat line that drops steeply at the end

(d) a line that slopes gradually downward

52. An oak tree produces thousands of acorns, but very few grow into mature oak trees.The oak tree exhibits a . . . survivorship curve.

(a) Type I (b) Type II (c) Type III (d) Type I or II

53. In the models that describe population growth, r stands for

(a) population density (b) carrying capacity

(d) growth rate

54. When the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate

(a) a population grows rapidly

(b) the size of a population remains constant

(d) a population is in danger of extinction

55. A population would always grow exponentially

(a) if it were limited only by density-dependent factors

(b) until it reaches carrying capacity

(d) if it showed logistic growth

56. A wildlife biologist is trying to predict what will happen to a bear population if bear hunting is banned. He had the equations all worked out but then realized that he had grossly underestimated the amount of food available to the bears. To make his predictions more accurate, he will have to go back to his equations and

(a) decrease N (b) increase N (c) decrease K (d) increase K

57. A population that grows rapidly at first and then levels off at carrying capacity can be modeled

(a) by a logistic equation

(b) as delta N/ delta t equals B minus D

(d) as being relatively unaffected by limiting factor

58. A population that is growing logistically

(a) grows fastest when density is lowest

(b) has a high intrinsic rate of increase

(d) grows fastest as it approaches carrying capacity

59. Human population growth was slow and gradual for a long period, but it turned sharply upward

(a) after the development of agriculture, which decreased the death rate

(b) during the last half-century, when the birth rate increased

(d) during the Industrial Revolution, when the death rate dropped

60. Which of the following is the most accurate comment on the Earth’s carrying capacity for people?

(a) K is smaller now than it was a thousand years ago

(b) The human population is still a long way from K

(d) When it comes to humans, the concept of K is irrelevant

61. All of the organisms in a particular area make up a food chain.

(a) a population (b) a community

62. _______ views a community as a chance assemblage of organisms with similar abiotic needs.

(a) The niche (b) The individualistic hypothesis

63. Milkweed plants produce bad-tasting and poisonous compounds that deter most planteaters. But the caterpillars of Monarch butterflies are able to eat milkweed leaves without being harmed. In fact, the chemicals obtained from milkweed actually protect the Monarch from insect-eating birds. This example illustrates

(a) coevolution (b) competitive exclusion

64. A bat locates insect prey in the dark by bouncing high-pitched sounds off them. One species of moth escapes predation by diving to the ground when it hears sonar of a particular bat species. This illustrates ____ between the bat and moth.

(a) mutualism (b) competitive exclusion

65. In terms of +, –, and 0, predation can be described as a _______ relationship.

(a) –/0 (b) +/0 (c) +/+ (d) +/–

66. Flounder look like the sea floor. This is an example of

(a) Müllerian mimicry (b) aposomatic coloration.

67. Which of the following describes mimicry?

(a) An insect’s bright colors warn a predator that it tastes bad

(b) The mottled pattern on a fish looks like dead leaves on the bottom of a pond

(d) A harmless frog resembles a poisonous frog

68. A tick has what type of relationship with a dog?

(a) agonistic (b) competitive (c) commensal (d) parasitic

69. When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats lived in the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled, and the deer finally disappeared. This is an example of

(a) commensalism (b) succession

70. The niche of an animal is

(a) the number of individuals of the species the environment will support

(b) the same as its habitat

(d) its den or nest

71. The resources a population actually uses describes its ________; while the resources

it actually uses are its _________.

(a) realized niche; habitat

(b) realized niche; fundamental niche

(d) habitat; ecosystem

72. Two species of cuckoo doves live in a group of islands off the coast of New Guinea. Of 33 islands, 14 have one species, 6 have the other, 13 have neither, and none has both.What might best explain this? The two species of birds could

(a) be on different trophic levels (b) have similar niches

73. The relationship between species A and species B is described as commensalism.

This means that

(a) both species suffer (b) both species benefit

(d) one species benefits and the other species is unaffected

74. A lichen is actually composed of two organisms–a fungus and an alga. They depend on each other for survival. The most specific term that describes their relationship is

(a) parasitism (b) commensalism

75. In Paine’s study of the intertidal zone on the coast of Washington State he found that

(a) competitive exclusion inevitably reduced species richness

(b) mutualism among prey species maintained species diversity

(d) the presence of a keystone predator maintained community diversity

76. Under which of the following circumstances would interspecific competition be most obvious?

(a) when resources are most abundant

(b) in the presence of a keystone predator

(d) when a foreign organism is introduced to a community

77. Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

(a) A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse

(b) Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use

(d) Imported pheasants increase, while local quail disappear

78. After clear-cutting, timber companies cannot afford to wait for the long process of

_____ to occur naturally; they plant trees right away.

(a) mutualism (b) succession

79. The current view of succession is

(a) expressed by the equilibrial model

(b) that disturbance and nonequilibrium are inevitable

(d) that it proceeds in a linear fashion

80. The . . . hypothesis contends that increased diversity is promoted when disturbances prevent competitive exclusion. The . . . hypothesis contend that increased diversity is promoted when disturbances result in the coexistence of several successional stages.

(a) dynamic equilibrium . . .Wilson/MacArthur

(b) Wilson and MacArthur. . . biogeography

(d) dynamic equilibrium . . .intermediate disturbance

81. An organism’s trophic level refers to

(a) the rate at which it uses energy (b) where it lives

(d) whether it is early or late in ecological succession

82. Which of the following is a primary producer?

(a) detritivores (b) shrimp (c) poison ivy (d) lions

83. The main decomposers in an ecosystem are

(a) bacteria and animals (b) plants and fungi

84. The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from

(a) minerals in the soil (b) the sun

85. Which of the following equations is correct?

(a) NPP equals GPP minus Respr (b) Respr equals NPP + GPP

86. The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that

(a) biomass is the rate of primary productivity

(b) biomass is the inverse of primary productivity

(d) primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

87. When you eat an apple, you are a

(a) primary consumer (b) tertiary consumer

88. Why is a diagram of energy flow from trophic level to trophic level shaped like a pyramid?

(a) Organisms at each level store most of the energy and pass little on

(b) There are more producers than primary consumers, and so on

(d) Most energy at each level is lost, leaving little for the next

89. In an ecosystem the _____ is always greater than the _____ .

(a) number of primary producers . . . number of primary consumers

(b) biomass of secondary consumers . . . biomass of primary producers

(d) biomass of primary producers . . . biomass of primary consumers

90. The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that

(a) the amount of energy is much greater than the amount of nutrients

(b) energy is recycled, but nutrients are not

(d) nutrients are recycled, but energy is not

91. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) Over land, evaporation exceeds transpiration and precipitation

(b) Over land, evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation

(d) Over oceans, evaporation exceeds precipitation

92. An ecosystem is unlikely to be limited by the supply of ____ because it is obtained from the air.

(a) water (b) carbon (c) phosphorus (d) calcium

93. Local conditions such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants may limit the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium available to a particular ecosystem, but the amount of carbon available to the system is seldom a problem. Why?

(a) Organisms do not need very much carbon

(b) Plants can make their own carbon using water and sunlight

(d) Many nutrients come from the soil, but carbon comes from the air

94. Bacteria are especially important in making ______ available to plants.

(a) water (b) nitrogen (c) carbon (d) phosphorus

95. The direct product of nitrogen fixation is

(a) NH4+ (b) NO2– (c) NO3.– (d) NH3

96. Nitrification is the conversion of

(a) NO3– into N2 (b) N2 to NH3

97. The major source of nitrogen for most nonagricultural plants is

(a) nitrates in the soil. (b) N2 gas in the air.

98. The phosphorus cycle lacks a(n) _____ component.

(a) atmospheric (b) organic (c) mineral (d) aquatic

99. Ospreys and other top predators in food chains are most severely affected by pesticides such as DDT because

(a) their systems are especially sensitive to chemicals.

(b) of their rapid reproductive rates.

(d) they cannot store the pesticides in their tissues.

100. Most endangered species are victims of

(a) greenhouse warming. (b) habitat destruction.

ANSWER

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4 (b) 5. (b) 6.(b)

7.(a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10.(a) 11.(c) 12.(d)

13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(c) 16.(b) 17.(c) 18.(d)

19.(a) 20.(b) 21.(c) 22.(c) 23.(c) 24.(b)

25.(c) 26.(b) 27.(d) 28.(a) 29. (a) 30.(c)

31.(d) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34.(a) 35. (c) 36.(a)

37.(a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40.(a) 41.(c) 42.(a)

43.(b) 44.(c) 45.(d) 46.(b) 47.(a) 48.(b)

49.(c) 50.(b) 51.(b) 52.(c) 53.(d) 54.(b)

55.(c) 56.(d) 57.(a) 58.(c) 59.(d) 60.(c)

61.(c) 62.(b) 63.(a) 64.(d) 65.(d) 66.(d)

67.(d) 68.(d) 69.(d) 70.(c) 71.(b) 72.(b)

73.(d) 74.(d) 75.(d) 76.(d) 77.(c) 78.(b)

79.(b) 80.(d) 81.(c) 82.(c) 83.(c) 84.(b)

85.(a) 86.(d) 87.(a) 88.(d) 89.(c) 90.(d)

91.(d) 92.(b) 93.(d) 94.(b) 95.(d) 96. (d)

97.(a) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100. (b)

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