A Review on the diversity of woody edible plants along the National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kulik in Himachal Pradesh.

 A Review on the diversity of woody edible plants along the National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kulik in Himachal Pradesh.

Abstract:

Himachal Pradesh experiences diverse climatic conditions due to the wide variations in altitude ranges. This study was designed to document the woody edible plants along the National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kaurik in Himachal Pradesh. Edible plants include plants with parts that are safely edible by humans. The rural peoples depend on these edible plants to meet their requirements during periods of food shortage. Most of the plants are wild in nature and some are cultivated in fields or orchards. Wild edible plants play an important role during periods of shortage; little attention has given to conservation of wild edible plant species. This paper has attempted to compile and analyze the information on woody edible plants, their family names, vernacular names, habit, plant parts and uses. In this study, a total of 109 woody edible plants species were identified. Population pressure and its associated impacts and natural calamities contributed much to the disappearance of these wild plants. These plants have  additional  importance  to  the  rural,  ethnic, economic, poor  and  marginali-zed  people  even in  the age  of  modernized  world.

 

Keywords:

Woody edible plants, National Highway, Himachal Pradesh.

 

Introduction:

Himachal Pradesh is one of the states that lie in the Indian Himalayan Region, one of the richest reservoirs of biological diversity in the world. Most of the people depend on their surrounding forests. National Highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik is NH-5 which starts form Punjab to Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The old name was NH-22 and this road is also known as the old Hindustan-Tibet Road. It covers three districts of Himachal Pradesh named as Solan,  Shimla  and  Kinnaur and  their altitudevary from lower to higher. Due to elevation ranges flora along the National Highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik also diverse. The rural communities of developing countries depend on wild edible plants to meet their food requirements during periods of food shortage. Studies  conducted by Mandu et al, 1999) indicated that the wild edible plants are mostly serving as supplementary foods in different parts of Africa. Wild edible plants are nutritionally rich and can supplement especially vitamins and micronutrients  (Getahun, 1974).

 

Material and Methods:

 

Study Sites:

From the administrative point of view the state has been divided into twelve districts, namely Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan and Una. National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kaurik covers three districts of Himachal Pradesh named as Solan, Shimla and Kinnaur. Solan is named after the Hindu goddess Shoolini Devi. It is known as the "Mushroom city of India" because of the vast mushroom farming in the area and "City of Red Gold" due to the bulk production of tomatoes in the area. Solan is located at 30.920N 77.120E. Average elevation of the district is 1502 m and highest point is Mount Karol (2280 m). Shimla is capital and largest city of Himachal Pradesh. It is named after Hindu goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of Kali. Shimla lies in the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at 31.610N 77.100E. It has an average altitude of 2206 m. The main forests in Shimla are Pine, Deodar, Oak and Rhododendron(H.P. Forest Department). Kinnaur is located in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh bordering Tibet to the east. It has three high mountains ranges, namely, Zanskar and Himalaya that enclose valleys of Sutlej, Spiti, Baspa and their tributaries. The slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and picturesque hamlets. Alpine species are juniper, pine, fir, cypress and rhododendron and lower altitude trees are oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia, apple and apricot. Climate is long winters and short summers.

 

Methodology:

Extensive field survey of entire study area was carried out during 2012-2015. Standard procedures were adopted for collecting, preserving and identifying the woody edible plants. The characteristic features of the plants were noted and their photographs were taken in the field. Herbarium mounts of these plants were also prepared for record and identification. Data were compiled with related literature and then report was documented. Information was composed from different floras namely: Flora Simlensis by Collet, Flora of Lahaul & Spiti by Aswal and Mehrotra, Flora of Kullu by Dhaliwal and Sharma, Flora of Sirmaur by Kaur and Sharma, Flora of Bushar Himalayas by Nair, Flora of Himachal Pradesh by Chowdhury and Wadhwa, and Flora of Chamba district by Singh and Sharma. Information was also collected from: The useful plants of India by Ambasta, Directory of Indian economic plants by Agarwal, Kaushal, Seth and Swaran Lata and Bhardwaj and Seth.

 

Results and Discussions:

A total of 109 woody edible plant species belonging to 83 genera and 44 families were recorded in the study area. Most of the peoples reside in the rural areas in this route so the more intensive utilization of plants by the local communities. Of the reported 83 genera, genera represented by higher number of species were Ficus (9 species), Prunus (5 species), Bauhinia, Berberis, Citrus and Phoenix (3 species each), Bambusa , Cornus, Morus, Opuntia, Pyrus  and Ziziphus  (2 species each) and rest of the genera with one species. A high number of woody edible plants in this study belonged to Rosaceae and Moraceae families with 12 species, Leguminosae with 9 species, Rutaceae with 6 species, Malvaceae and Poaceae with 5 species, Arecaceae with 4 species, Cactaceae, Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, and Rubiaceae with 3 species, Asparagaceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabaceae, Cornaceae, Fagaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Rhamnaceae, Santalaceae and Vitaceae with 2 species each which is followed by rest of family comprising only one species. A list of woody edible plant species along the National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kaurik with their scientific or botanical name, family, common name, local name and edible part is given in Table 1.

 

Name of Plant	Family	Common Name	Local Name	Edible parts
Abutilon megapotamicum (A. Spreng.) A. St.-Hil. & Naudin syn. Abutilon inflatum Garcke & K. Schum.	Malvaceae	FLOWERING MAPLE	-	Flowers
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. syn. Mimosa farnesiana L.	Leguminosae	NEEDLE BUSH	vilayati kikar	Tender leaves
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson syn. Actinidia chinensis  f. chlorocarpa C.F. Liang	Actinidiaceae	KIWI FRUIT	Kiwi	Fruits
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa syn. Crateva marmelos L.	Rutaceae	STONE APPLE	Bel	Fruits
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook. syn. Pavia indica Wall. ex Cambess.	Sapindaceae	HIMALAYAN HORSE CHESTNUT	Kanor	Fruit kernel (fasting days)
Agave vivipara L. syn. Agave wightii J.R. Drumm. & Prain	Asparagaceae	CENTURY PLANT	-	Flowers,Buds, Stems
Asparagus adscendens Roxb. syn. Asparagus satawur James A. Murray	Asparagaceae	ASPARAGUS FERN	Safed musli	shoots
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. syn. Melia azadirachta L.	Meliaceae	INDIAN LILAC	Neem	Fruits
Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro syn. Bambusa falconeri Munro	Poaceae	NODDING BAMBOO	nal-bans	Shoots
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. syn. Bambusa auriculata Kurz	Poaceae	GOLDEN BAMBOO	basine bans	Young buds
Bauhinia purpurea L. syn. Bauhinia castrata Blanco	Leguminosae	PURPLE BAUHINIA	Kaniar	Flower buds
Bauhinia vahlii Wight. & Arn. syn. Phanera vahlii (W. & A.) Benth.	Leguminosae	BAUHINIA CLIMBER	Malghan	Seeds
Bauhinia variegata L. syn. Bauhinia decora Uribe	Leguminosae	GERANIUM TREE	Kachnar	Flowers buds
Berberis aristata DC. syn. Berberis coccinea K. Koch	Berberidaceae	TREE TURMERIC	kashmal, rasaut	Berries
Berberis coriaria Royle ex Lindl. syn. Berberis coriaria var. patula Ahrendt	Berberidaceae	BARBERRY	-	Berries
Berberis vulgaris L. syn. Berberis abortiva P. Renault	Berberidaceae	JAUNDICE BERRY	Kashmal	Berries
Bombax ceiba L. syn. Bombax malabaricum DC.	Malvaceae	COTTON TREE	Semal	Flower buds & fleshy calyx
Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. syn. Clutia retusa L.	Phyllanthaceae	-	gauli, khaja	Fruits
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Her. ex Vent. syn. Broussonetia billardii Carruth.	Moraceae	PAPER MULBERRY	Jangali tut	Fruits
Buddleja asiatica Lour. syn. Vitex esquirolii H. Lev.	Scrophulariaceae	BUTTERFLY BUSH	Dudleia	Flowers
Carica papaya L. syn. Carica cubensis Solms	Caricaceae	PAPAYA	Papita	Fruits
Carissa spinarum L. syn. Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines	Apocynaceae	WILD KARANDA	Garna	Fruits
Caryota urens L.	Arecaceae	WINE PALM	Mari	Palm buds
Castanea sativa Mill. syn. Castanea prolifera (K. Koch)Hickel	Fagaceae	EUROPIAN CHESTNUT	-	Kernels
Celtis australis L. syn. Celtis alpina Royle	Cannabaceae	HACKBERRY	Khirk	Fruits
Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum. syn. Cereus validus Haw.	Cactaceae	HEDGE CACTUS	-	Fruits
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle. syn. Citrus medica var. acida Brandis	Rutaceae	SOUR LIME	Nimbu	Fruits
Citrus aurantium L. syn. Citrus  madraspatana Hort.   ex Tanaka	Rutaceae	SOUR ORANGE	Khatta	Fruits
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Rutaceae	SWEET ORANGE	Santara	Fruits
Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. syn. Cordia obliqua Willd.	Boraginaceae	BIRD LIME TREE	Lasura	Fruits
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. syn. syn. Coriaria sinica Maxim.	Coriariaceae	TANNER'S TREE	Shere	Berries
Cornus capitata Wall. syn. Benthamia capitata (Wall.) Nakai	Cornaceae	HIMALAYAN STRAWBERRY-TREE	Thermal	Fruits
Cornus macrophylla Wall. in Roxb. syn. Cornus brachypoda C.A. Mey.	Cornaceae	LARGE LEAF DOGWOOD	kaksh, kagash	Fruits
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. syn. Cotoneaster elatus G. Klotz	Rosaceae	LITTLE-LEAF COTONEASTER	Res	Fruits
Crotalaria spectabilis Roth syn. Crotalaria retzii Hitchc.	Leguminosae	SHOWY CROTATALRIA	Ghungri	Flowers
Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood. syn. Debregeasia salicifolia (D.Don) Rendle	Urticaceae	HIMALAYAN WILD RHEA	puruni, prin	Fruits
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro. syn. Sinocalamus hamiltonii (Nees & Arn. ex Munro) T.Q. Nguyes	Poaceae	TAMA BAMBOO	kaghsi bans	Young culms
Ehretia laevis Roxb. syn. Ehretia aspera Willd.	Boraginaceae	CHAMROR	Guaon	Fruits
Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle syn. Elaeagnus salicifolia D. Don ex Loudon	Elaeagnaceae	AUTUMN OLIVE	Ghain	Fruits
Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehder syn. Elsholtzia polystachya Benth.	Lamiaceae	SHRUBBY MINT	-	Seed oil
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley syn. Crategus bibas Lour.	Rosaceae	CHINESE MEDLAR	Lokat	Fruits
Ficus auriculata Lour. syn. Ficus roxburghii Steud.	Moraceae	ELEPHANT EAR FIG	Trimal	Fruits
Ficus bengalensis L. syn. Ficus banyana Oken	Moraceae	BANYAN TREE	Bar	Fruits
Ficus hispida L.f. syn. Ficus heterostyla Merr.	Moraceae	HAIRY FIG	Jangli anger	Fruits
Ficus palmata Forssk. syn. Ficus forskalaei Vahl	Moraceae	PUNJAB FIG	Phegra	Fruits
Ficus racemosa L. syn. Ficus glomerata Roxb.	Moraceae	CLUSTER FIG	Umrai	Fruit (Birds)
Ficus religiosa L. syn. Ficus caudata Stokes	Moraceae	HOLY FIG TREE	Papal	Ripe fruits
Ficus rumphii Blume syn. Ficus affinior Griff.	Moraceae	MOCK BODH TREE	Rumbal	Fruits
Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. syn. Ficus cunia Buch.-Ham.ex Roxb.	Moraceae	DROOPING FIG	Goolar	Fruits
Ficus virens Aiton syn. Ficus monticola Miq.	Moraceae	WHITE FIG	Keol	Fruits
Flacourtia indica (Burma.f.) Merr. syn. Flacourtia parviflora Merr.	Flacourtiaceae	PACHNALA	Bilangada	Ripe fruits
Grewia optiva J.R. Drumm. ex Burret syn. Grewia oppositifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don	Malvaceae	BIHUL	Beul	Fruits
Hamelia patens Jacq. syn. Duhamelia odorata Willd. ex Schult.	Rubiaceae	HUMMINGBIRD BUSH	Muna	Fruits
Hibiscus syriacus L. syn. Althaea frutex Mill.	Malvaceae	SHRUBBY ALTHAEA	Gurhal	Flowers
Himalrandia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.) T. Yamazaki syn. Randia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.) Benth.	Rubiaceae	HIMALAYAN RANDIA	Kikra	Fruits
Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. syn. Ulmus integrifolia Roxb.	Ulmaceae	INDIAN ELM	Dhamna	Fruits
Indigofera cassioides Rottl. ex DC. syn. Indigofera pulchella Roxb.	Leguminosae	-	Nil	Flowers
Juglans regia L. syn. Juglans duclouxiana Dode	Juglandaceae	WALNUT	Akhrot	Kernels
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. syn. Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.	Bignoniaceae	SAUSAGE TREE	jhar fanoos	Roasted fruits
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. syn. Acacia frondoa Willd.	Leguminosae	WILD TAMARAIND	safed babool	Young fruit and seeds
Lonicera japonica Thunb. syn. Lonicera brachypoda Siebold	Caprifoliaceae	JAPANESE HONEY SUCKLE	Madhumati	Leaves
Malus domestica Borkh. syn. Pyrus malus L.	Rosaceae	ORCHARD APPLE	Seb	Fruit
Mangifera indica L. syn. Mangifera austroyunnanensis Hu	Anacardiaceae	MANGO	Amb	Fruits
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. syn. Nauclea parvifolia Roxb.	Rubiaceae	TRUE KADAMB	Kaddam	Fruits
Moringa oleifera Lam. syn. Moringa zeylanica Burmann	Moringaceae	DRUMSTICK TREE	Sanjna	Tender leaves, flower & pods
Morus alba L. syn.	Moraceae	WHITE MULBERRY	Shahtoot	Fruits
Morus serrata Roxb. syn. Morus pabularia Decne.	Moraceae	HIMALAYAN MULBERRY	Cheemu	Fruits
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. syn. Bergera koenigii L.	Rutaceae	CURRY LEAF-TREE	gandhela, gandhla	Leaves & berries
Myrica nagi Thunb. syn. Myrica integrifolia Roxb.	Myricaceae	BAY BERRY	Kaphal	Fruits
Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. syn. Cactus chinensis Roxb.	Cactaceae	SWEET PRICKLY PEAR	Nagphani	Fruits
Opuntia monacantha Haw. syn. Cactus monacanthos Willd.	Cactaceae	DROOPING PRICKLY PEAR	Nagphani	Fruits
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. syn. Osyris arborea Wall. ex A. DC.	Santalaceae	ROCK TANNIN-BUSH	-	Fruits
Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. syn. Parthenocissus himalayana (Royle) Planch.	Vitaceae	HIMALAYAN WOODBINE	Phlankur	Berries
Pergularia roylei (Wight) D. Dietr. syn. Marsdenia roylei Wight	Apocynaceae	ROYLE’S PERGULARIA	Marubel	Roots (Lepchas)
Phoenix acaulis Roxb. syn. Phoenix acaulis var. melanocarpa Griff.	Arecaceae	STEMLESS DATE PALM	jangli khajur	Fruits
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth syn. Phoenix hanceana Naudin	Arecaceae	DWARF DATE PALM	Khajuri	Fruits
Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. syn. Elate sylvestris L.	Arecaceae	SILVER DATE PALM	Khajur	Fruits
Phyllanthus emblica L. syn. Emblica officinalis Gaertn.	Phyllanthaceae	INDIAN GOOSEBERRY	Amla	Fruits
Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro. syn. Phyllostachys boryana Mitford	Poaceae	BLACK BAMBOO	-	Young shoots
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don syn. Pinus gerardii J. Forbes	Pinaceae	HIMALAYAN EDIBLE PINE	Chilghoza	Seeds
Premna mollissima Roth syn. Premna latifolia Roxb.	Verbenaceae	DUSKY FIRE-BRAND TEAK	Bakar	Leaves (S. India)
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. syn. Acacia cumanensis Willd.	Leguminosae	IRONWOOD	kabuli kikkar	Seeds
Prunus armeniaca L. syn. Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.	Rosaceae	APRICOT	Khubani	Fruits
Prunus avium (L.) L. syn. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench	Rosaceae	SWEET CHERRY	Cherry	Fruits
Prunus domestica L. syn. Prunus communis Huds.	Rosaceae	COMMON PLUM	Alucha	Fruits
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb. syn. Prunus amygdalus Batsch	Rosaceae	SWEET ALMOND	Badam	Fruits
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch syn. Amygdalus persica L.	Rosaceae	COMMON PEACH	Adoo	Fruits
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep syn. Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.	Leguminosae	KUDZU	-	Tubers
Punica granatum L. syn. Punica nana L.	Lythraceae	POMEGRANATE	Anar	Fruits, seeds
Pyracantha crenulata (Roxb. ex D. Don) M. Roem. syn. Cotoneaster pyracantha E. Pritz.	Rosaceae	HIMALAYAN FIRE THORN	ghan garu	Fruits
Pyrus communis L. syn. Pyrus sativa DC.	Rosaceae	PEAR	Nashpati	Fruits
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. syn. Pyrus nepalensis Hort. ex Decne.	Rosaceae	THE WILD HIMALAYAN PEAR	Kainth	Fruits
Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. syn. Quercus cassura Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don	Fagaceae	BROWN OAK	Kharsu	Seeds
Reinwardtia indica Dumort. syn. Reinwardtia trigyna Planch.	Linaceae	YELLOW FLAX	Basanti	Flowers
Rhododendron arboreum Smith syn. Rhododendron puniceum Roxb.	Ericaceae	ROSE TREE	Burans	Flowers
Rosa moschata Herrm. syn. Rosa brunonii Lindl.	Rosaceae	HIMALAYAN MUSK ROSE	Kunja	Fruits
Rubus ellipticus Sm.	Rosaceae	HIMALAYAN RASPBERRY	Ache	Fruits
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby syn. Cassia siamea Lam.	Leguminosae	THAILAND SHOWER	Kassod	Flowers
Sterculia villosa Roxb. syn. Sterculia armata Mast.	Malvaceae	HAIRY STERCULIA	Katira	Seeds
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston syn. Eugenia caryophyllaea Wight.	Myrtaceae	SOUTH INDIAN PLUM	Jamun	Fruits
Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro syn. Arundinaria spathiflora  Trin.	Poaceae	-	ringal	Young shoots & seeds
Trema politoria (Planch) Blume syn. Sponia politoria Planch.	Cannabaceae	-	Khardol	Fruits
Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don syn. Viburnum multratum K. Koch	Adoxaceae	-	Thanena	Fruits
Viscum album L. syn. Stelin album Bubani	Santalaceae	MISTLETOE	-	Fruits
Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult. syn. Vitis lanata Roxb.	Vitaceae	GRAPE	Nehdu	Fruits & roots
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. syn. Wrightia tomentosa Roemer & Schult.	Apocynaceae	WOOLLY DYEING ROSEBAY	Dudhi	Leaves, flowers & fruits
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. syn.  Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.	Rutaceae	TOOTHACHE TREE	Tirmir	Tender leaves & fruits
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. syn. Ziziphus rotundifolia Lam.	Rhamnaceae	JHAR BERI	jhar ber	Fruits
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. syn. Rhamnus oenopolia L.	Rhamnaceae	JACKAL JUJUBE	Makai	Fruits

 

Table 1: List of Woody Edible Plants Along  The  National Highway-5 from Parwanoo To Kaurik in  Himachal Pradesh.

 

Conclusion:

 

The present study covers the list of woody edible plants, their depletion reasons and conservation strategies to save the edible plants. Currently forests with large number of useful plants (edible plants) in the study area are subjected to deforestation due to local peoples and construction work for various projects. This is attributed mainly to population pressure and its associated effects. Urbanization, habitat fragmentation, construction of roads, pollution, agricultural land expansion, fuel wood collection, over grazing, natural calamities, and overexploitation by the local community and for commercial use are the reasons for destruction of wild woody edible plants of study area. So there is urgent need for their conservation and sustainable use for future generation by interacting with local peoples, seminars, conferences or discussions with farmers and scientists, to organize workshops, save the information regarding indigenous knowledge of edible plants by older men of communities etc. Due to lack of information about woody edible plants, local peoples harvest the woody edible plants for other purposes like construction, fire wood and furniture etc. Thus, this led to threats to the woody edible plant species in this area.

 

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Cited as

Kumari P. and  Seth M.K. A Review on the diversity of woody edible plants along the National Highway-5 from Parwanoo to Kulik in Himachal Pradesh. Sarkar A.K. (ED) ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT.Educreation publishing. New Delhi. 67-78