Prinnciples of Pure Line Selection

-
  Pure Line Selection   Pure line selection is one of the oldest and most important methods of plant breeding. It is mainly used for the improvement of self-pollinated crops. In agriculture, many crop plants show natural variation in characters such as plant height, maturity, grain size, seed colour, disease resistance, and yield. A plant breeder studies this variation and selects the best plant from the available population. When the selected superior plant is self-pollinated generation after generation, its progeny becomes highly uniform and stable. This uniform and genetically similar group of plants is called a pure line.   The concept of pure line selection has played a major role in the development of improved crop varieties. It helped breeders convert variable local populations into uniform and high-performing varieties. The method is simple, scientific, and economical, so it has remained a fundamental topic in plant breeding courses. For undergraduate stud...
Post a Comment

DNA REPAIR

-

 DNA repair mechanisms are essential processes that organisms use to correct damage to their DNA. DNA can be damaged by various factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemicals, and errors that occur during DNA replication. Here are some key notes on DNA repair mechanisms:

  1. Types of DNA Damage:

    • Chemical Damage: DNA can be damaged by exposure to various chemicals, such as those found in certain drugs or environmental pollutants.
    • UV Radiation Damage: UV radiation from the sun can cause thymine dimers, where two adjacent thymine bases bond together, leading to distortions in the DNA structure.
    • Replication Errors: During DNA replication, mistakes can occur, leading to mismatches or the insertion of incorrect nucleotides.

  2. DNA Repair Pathways:

    • Direct Repair: Involves the direct reversal of the DNA damage without removing or replacing nucleotides. For example, photolyases can repair thymine dimers induced by UV radiation.
    • Base Excision Repair (BER): Targets damaged or incorrect bases and involves the removal of the damaged base by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by the excision and replacement of the damaged segment.
    • Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER): Repairs a wider range of DNA damage, including bulky lesions and thymine dimers. It involves the excision and replacement of a segment of nucleotides surrounding the damaged site.
    • Mismatch Repair (MMR): Corrects errors that arise during DNA replication by recognizing and removing mismatched bases. It is crucial for maintaining the fidelity of DNA replication.

  3. Double-Strand Break Repair:

    • Homologous Recombination (HR): Involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous DNA strands. It is a high-fidelity repair mechanism and is often used during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
    • Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ): Joins broken DNA ends together, often with the loss or addition of a few nucleotides. It is quicker than HR but is more error-prone.


  5. C

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Origin and Evolution in Sex of algae

-
Image
  Origin and Evolution in Sex of algae Sexual reproduction is characterised by the fusion of two similar or dissimilar cells. This is a sign of relatively advanced stage in evolution. Sex is not an obvious in the lower plants (like algae) as it is in higher plants. But in any way the study of reproductive processes of various classes of Algae throws considerable light on the origin and evolution of sex in the branch of plants like Algae.   Origin of Sex: Most primitive algae the cyanophyceae (Myxophyceae) reproduce only the method of asexual and vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction is entirely absent in their case. In forms like Nostoc and oscillatoria, it takes place by means of hormogones in which the plant body breaks up into group of few cells. In class xanthophyceae, chrysophyceae, cryptophyceae and dinopphyceae, sexuality is rare and has not much evolved beyond the stage of isogamy.   In higher classes of algae reproduction takes place by vegetative,...
Read more

কৃষিক্ষেত্রে শৈবালের ভূমিকা

-
  কৃষিক্ষেত্রে শৈবালের ভূমিকা      প্রাচীনকাল থেকে কৃষিজমির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধির জন্য সামুদ্রিক শৈবাল ব্যবহৃত হয়ে আসছে । জৈব সার হিসেবে বাদামি শৈবাল ও লোহিত শৈবালের প্রচলন আগে থেকে ছিল । স্থলজ শৈবাল মাঠের পানি সঞ্চালন ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি করে । ভূমিক্ষয় রোধ করে । নতুন মাটি গঠন করে ও সংরক্ষণ করে মাটিকে কৃষিকাজের উপযোগী করে তোলে । ২০ টির অধিক নীলাভ সবুজ শৈবাল বাতাসের নাইট্রোজেন সংবন্ধন করে জমির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধি করে । এদের মধ্যে Nostoc , Anabaena , Scytonema , Oscillatoria উল্লেখযোগ্য । সামুদ্রিক শৈবালের দেহে ফসফরাস , পটাশিয়াম এবং অন্যান্য রাসায়নিক পদার্থের সামান্য পরিমাণে উপস্থিতির কারণে সমুদ্র উপকূলবর্তী বিভিন্ন দেশে কৃষি জমির উর্বরতা বৃদ্ধিকল্পে সামুদ্রিক শৈবাল এবং কখনও কখনও স্বাদু পানির শৈবাল সার বা ফার্টিলাইজার হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় । সার হিসেবে ব্যবহার্য শৈবালসমূহের তালিকা নিম্নরূপ : ১. যেসব কৃষি জমিতে ক্যালসিয়াম ঘাটতি আছে সেখানে Lithophyllum , Lithothamnion , Chara প্রভৃতি গণের শৈবালের থ্যালাসকে সার হিসেবে ব্যবহার করলে জমির Ca ঘাটতি পূরণ হয় । ২. আয়ারল্যান্ডের কৃষকেরা ...
Read more