Organoprotective Role of Psidium guajava L. and its Bio-active compounds

 

Organoprotective Role of Psidium guajava L. and its Bio-active compounds

                         

 

Abstract:

Guava fruit has a high demand in international market due to it’s huge beneficial  properties and affordable cost. Other parts of the plant are also used for their therapeutic implication in disease cure and formulation of medicines. Numerous pharmacological activities of the plant have been confirmed by many researchers through their random experiments. Their continuous and cumulative investigations also added many interesting information regarding the health benefits of this valuable plant. The pharmacological research also has been used to demonstrate potential role of bioactive compounds in normal nutrition and treatment of different ailments. In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive update on nutritional, pharmacological and therapeutic activities of Psidium guajava L. and its possible directions for future research. Finding suggests that the plant contains several phytoconstituents having health benefits. Such phytoconstituents exhibits diverse biological activities as  antimicrobial activity, antibiotic activity, anticancer activity, cardio-protective activity, hepatoprotective activity, protection of CNS, protection of dental plaque, anti-inflammatory and  immunostimulatory activity etc. The study present an updated review on the pharmacological and therapeutic attributes of Psidium guajava L. After reading this review the researchers may able to find new insights to further investigate this plant.

 

Key words:

Psidium guajava L., Bioactive compound, Organoprotection, Antioxidant, Phytoconstituents, Medicines.

 

Introduction: 

Psidium guajava L. (Guava) is widely known as a fruit plant since immemorial time. Taxonomically it belongs to a dicotyledonous family Myrtaceae under the order Myrtales. Nutritious fruits of the plant include a high demand in international market due to its its taste, and quality as table fruit rich in vitamin-C. In many ancient documents all parts of guava plant were considered as folk medicine. Existence of pharmacologically significant bioactive compounds are also confirmed by the researchers of present era. Over a protracted period  guava fruit is consumed by the people of tropical and subtropical region (Deguchi et al., 2011) due to its taste and smell but since few decades it’s gained huge demand in international market place for its nutritive property. Additionally it’s also employed in making of many processed food like jams, jellies, pickles, wines etc (Mitra et al., 2019). Many ancient document claimed that the plant parts of P. guajava are excellent source of many traditional medicines. Pharmacological studies had also reported that P. guajava extracts possessed many preventive and curative effects on human health.

 

Nutritional Composition of Guava:

Guava fruit contain wide array of phytochemicals such as vitamins, minerals, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, essential oils, sesquiterpene alcohols and triterpenoid acids (Barbalho et al.,2012; Silva et al.,2019). Some of these compounds like ascorbic acid, carotenoids, polyphenols etc hold excellent antioxidant activity. Among the carotenoids α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin are present in notable amount and in other hand two polyphenolic flavonoids - myricetin and apigenin are abundantly present in the fruit (Miean et al., 2001). Phytoconstituents like citric acid, oleanolic acid, lyxopyranoside, arabopyranoside, guaijavarin, quercetin, triterpenes, saponins, lectins, fiber, pectin etc. are also significantly present in the fruits (Arima et al., 2002; Kamath et al., 2008; Das et al., 2011; Rana et al., 2015) and provide multitudinous health benefits to human body. The fruit is one of the great source of  minerals like phosphorus, calcium, manganese, iron etc and vitamins such as niacin, pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin A (Das et al., 2011). Leaves of the plant also contain many active compounds including menthol, α-pinene, β-bisabolene, β-pinene, β-copanene, limonene, terpenyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, caryophyllene, longicyclene, cineol, euginol, avicularin, quercetin, caryophyllene oxide, humulene, farnesene, selinene, oleanolic acid, curcumene and cardinene (Oliver-Bever,1986; Lin et al., 2003; Begum et al., 2004). In addition notable amount of cellulose, fats, chlorophylls, mineral salts  etc are also present in guava leaves (Nadkarni et al.,1999).  Young bark and mature bark flakes also holds measurable amount of active ingredients like tannin, polyphenols, resin, crystals of calcium oxalate and many antimicrobial compounds (Rahim et al., 2010). Several findings considered guava root as a repository of many bioactive compounds like tannin, tannic acid, leukocyanadins, sterols, gallic acid etc (Quisumbing, 1978; Michael et al., 2002). Burkill (1997) also reported that guava seeds contain proteins, starch and essential oils. Okwu et al., (2003) confirmed the presence of significant amount of minerals including calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, lead and  fluoride. Such constituents of P.  guajava L. play significant role in protection of different organs as well as prevention and cure of diseases. All parts of the plant have been extensively used as folk medicines for long time and with the increase of popularity of herbal medicine the plant get much attention.

 

Organoprotective and Therapeutic Roles of  Psidium guajava L.:

During last few decades Psidium guajava L. is gaining lot of interest by the researchers. Though the plant is used traditionally for a number of ailments since a long time but scientific investigations on the medicinal properties of plant products date back to the 1940s (Daswani et al., 2017). Since then laboratory studies and clinical trials provide a strong scientific evidence in support of  organoprotective and therapeutic attributes of  the plant and its constituents.

 

 

Antidiarrhoeal activity

Antimicrobial activity

Antioxidant activity

Protection of Central Nervous System

GUAVA

Hepatoprotective activity

Anti-inflammatory & Immunostimulatory Activity

Protection of Cardiovascular System

Protection of Dental Plaque

Antistress Activity

Protection of  Skin Disorders

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig1: Therapeutic role of Psidium guajava L.

 

Antioxidant activity and Protection of organ from oxidative damage:

In present scenario fruits of P. guajava are widely acknowledged as a source of valuable antioxidants. Those antioxidants retard or inhibit oxidation reaction by terminating free radicals and reduce the chances of oxidative damage of the tissues or organs of the body. The fruit is an outstanding source of ascorbic acid and it was widely accepted that guava fruit holds the second highest concentration of ascorbic acid after acerola cherries (Manikandan et al., 2015). Depending on variety the amount of ascorbic acid in guava ranges between 60-1000mg/100g (VERIS,2000). Carotenoids and Phenolic substances of the fruit also show notable antioxidant activity. Carotenoids exhibit many therapeutic activities like immune-modulation, protection of internal organs, inhibition of abnormal growth of cell etc (Willberg et al., 1995). Some workers have claimed that regular consumption of guava fruit fulfill the requirement of antioxidants which improves the structure and function of male reproductive system and protects from the risk of low sperm count or  infertility (Akinola et al. 2007). Another study claimed that antioxidants of guava has radio-protective ability (He et al. 2004). Different composition of guava leaf extract also contain high amount of antioxidants. Soman et al. (2010) reported that guava leaf extract has significant amount of  a strong antioxidant- Quercetin which play a notable role in balancing of  free radical.

 

Antimicrobial activity:

Antimicrobial activity of guava was clearly indicated in many ancient documents and is confirmed by many investigators since few years. Guava and its constituents can play significant role  in the inhibition of microbial growth. According to Morais-Braga et al. (2016) different extracts of Psidium guajava extract efficiently able to inhibit 34 bacterial species, 19 fungal species, 6 protozoan species, and 4 types of viruses. In a study it was showed that flavonoids of guava leaf extract effectively inhibit many food borne pathogenic bacteria (Akangi et al. 2009). Antibacterial activity is quite high against gram positive bacteria and moderate against the gram negative bacteria (Nair et al. 2007). Some researchers claimed that the aqueous extracts were more potent in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic  bacteria like Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa than the organic extracts (Abdelrahim et al. 2002; Abubakar 2009). A study showed that methanolic extracts of  leaf and bark of the plant have high antibacterial activity against some species belonging to genera  Bacillus and Salmonella (Joseph et al. 2007). Methanolic and acetone extract of  leaves also shown to exhibited antibacterial activity against some virulent bacterial genera including Staphylococcus spp, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli etc. (Nair et al. 2007). Many worker opined that flavonoids and their derivatives in guava fruit can inhibit the multiplication of harmful bacteria within the human body and subsequently  prevent the adherence of those bacteria to the healthy cells of the body (Prabu et al. 2006; Metwally et al. 2011). Pandey et al. (2018) showed that aqueous extract of guava leaf possesses moderate antimicrobial activity against some bacteria like Propionibacterium acnes and also concluded that this microbial activity is due to presence of terpinene and pinene. Further findings showed that leaf extracts can inhibit sporulation and enterotoxin production in some bacterial strains like Clostridum prefringens type A (Garcia et al. 2002). Leaf extract is also effective against some harmful fungi. Essential oils obtained from guava leaf extract were effectively found to inhibit several dermatophytes  like Microsporium canis, Trichophytom ruburum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans  (Bhushan et al. 2014). Hot water extract and the methanol extract of leaves also show antifungal activity against Arthrinium sacchari and Chaetomium funicola strains (Sato et al. 2010). It has been reported that these oils and extracts penetrate the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, rendering it more permeable, leading to the leakage of vital cellular contents (Juven et al. 1994; Burt 2014). Methanolic root extract also exerts antifungal activity and most of the researchers believed that quercetin is key compound of root extract for fungicidal property (Prabu et al. 2006). Flakes of bark also showed fungistatic effect against some fungal species like Candida albicans, Candida parasilosis  and Candida neoformans (Abdelrahim 2002; Dutta et al. 2000; Chanda et al. 2011). It is widely believed that guava fruit  contains some antiviral compound which can prevent infections of many viruses like influenza (Jaiarj et al. 1999). A study showed that some components of guava fruit can inhibit viral hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity (Sriwilaijaroen et al. 2012) and thus protect human from the viral diseases. Khalil et al. (2018) conducted an experiment and showed that purified guava flavonoid glycosides (GFGs) exhibited competitive inhibitory activities against influenza A virus (IAV) replication and also concluded that the inhibition is mediated by the regulation of IL-1β and IL-8, as well as with P53 gene expression. The leaf extract of  P. guajava were also  reported to possess inhibitory activity against  retroviral reverse transcriptase (Suthienkul et al. 1993; Metwally et al. 2011). Different extracts of P. guajava were also exhibited  as preventive and curative remedy against some protozoan and helminthic diseases. A study showed that aqueous extract of leaves, stem bark and fruit of P. guajava were found to have anti-plasmodial activity (Patwardhan et al. 2005). In another study, it was confirmed that leaves and stem bark of the plant inhibit the growth of  Entamoeba histolytica (Nundkumar et al. 2002). It is also showed that leaf extract also have trypanocidal activity which may be attributed mainly due to antimicrobial property of the flavonoids and the iron chelating property of tannins (Adeyami et al., 2009).

 

Protection of Digestive system and Antidiarrheal activity:

There is a clear indication in ancient documents that consumption of guava is very beneficial to human body specially to digestive system. Consumption of guava provides many minerals and vitamins which act as cofactors of many digestive enzymes. Dietary fibers of guava may aid healthy bowel movement and prevent constipation. Consumption of young tender leaves also for the prevention and treatment of constipation and hemorrhoids as it contain high amount of fiber and roughage (Kafle et al., 2018). The alkaline nature of guava leaf gives very good response against hyper-acidity of the stomach and subsequent ulceration of the stomach. It is also believed that fruits and other parts of the also have some beneficial activities against many gastro-intestinal disorders similar to diarrhea. Since a long time peoples of various regions use guava leaves in various ways to treat diarrhea. Some workers opined that the antidiarrheal property of leaf deals with its inhibitory effect on pathogens responsible for diarrhea i.e., Escherichia coli, S. aureus etc., (Vieira et al. 2001).  According to Ezekwesili et al. (2010) flavonoids and tannins reduce the chances of diarrhea by denaturation of protein and successive formation of  protein-tannates compound, which in turn delay the intestinal mucosal permeability. Quercetin of guava leaf is also thought to have antidiarrheal activity as Quercetin can repressed intestinal contraction encouraged by enhanced absorption of calcium and also facilitate ileum for its spasmolytic activity (Teixeira et al. 2010; Zhang et al. 2003; Mazumdar et al. 2015). Quercetin-3-arabinoside  has also been reported to  decrease spontaneous contraction of intestinal muscles by inhibition of  release of acetylcholine together with an initial increase in the muscle tone (Lutterodt et al. 1989). Some researchers found that lectins of guava leaves show antidiarrheal  effect by preventing adhesion of E. coli to the gut wall (Coutino et al. 2001).

 

Anti-inflammatory and Immunostimulatory Activity:

Since ancient time many plant based medicines or ingredients are widely used as anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulatory agents. Technically inflammation refers the complex biological responses of vascular tissues when body is stimulated by any irritants like microbes, trauma, toxins, or heat. Among the traditional document of medicines P. guajava was clearly recommended as an immunoboosting plant and thus the plant automatically recommended for its evaluation as immunoenhancer and anti-inflammatory agents. A study showed that both the leaves and fruits of the plant exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and immune-enhancing effects on both humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity (Shabbir et al. 2016). Inflammation is a protective attempt by any organism to remove the injurious stimuli in its body, as well as  initiation of the healing process for the tissues or organisms. Further studies showed that consumption of guava fruits influence several immune-boosting parameters viz., total leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, total RBC count, hemoglobin content and platelet count (Adeyemi et al., 2010). It was claimed that different leaf extracts of guava have tremendous capability to prevent the cyclophosphamide induced myelo-suppression and acceleration of delayed hypersensitivity (Shabbir et al. 2016). Many workers reported that regular consumption of sufficient guava fruit stimulate macrophage mediated immune response. Further findings suggested that soon after the stimulation, macrophage induces the release of  pro-inflammatory mediators and proteins (Grip et al. 2003), including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) etc (Rao et al. 2015). Such inflammatory responses are followed by the process of wound healing, removal of destructed residual etc. Without inflammatory response most of the wounds and infections would never heal and it is fact that degradation of wound tissue would compromise the survival injured organism (Rao et al. 2015). Some investigations concluded that leaf extract of guava has the efficiency to reduce autoimmuno disorders such as Rheumatoid arthritis (Gutierrez et al. 2008). Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints of the body and causes chronic inflammation in the synovium (Baroroh et al. 2015). Extensive investigations confirmed that the anti-inflammatory action of guava is associated with the ability to inhibit prostaglandin, kinin and histamine (Kavimani et al., 1998). However Olajide et al., (1999) concluded that essential oils present in leaves also exert anti-inflamatory effects. Barbalho et al. (2012) concluded that extract of guava effectively inhibit histamine production during inflammatory responses which are caused by insect bite and subsequently lessens the effects of allergies. Leaf extract is now largely used in formulation of traditional remedy for insect bite. In addition it is also reported that extract of guava leaf in ethyl acetate can stop the germ infection and thymus production. Some experiments reveal that leaf extract can alter the activity of heme oxygenase-1 protein by enhancing the mRNA expression (Jeong et al. 2014). Benzophenone and flavonoids of guava effectively lower the inflammatory responses by inhibition of histamine and nitric acid production in human body (Matsuzaki et al. 2010). Guava extract also show anti-nociceptive activity by the production of acetic acid (Chandra Sekhar et al. 2014). Certain doses of guava extracts are effective in generation of inflammatory response in case of damaged liver and serum production (Roy et al. 2006).

 

Anticancer Effects

Many constituents of guava plant showed cancer suppressive activity when tested on various  cancer cell lines of human,  including colon cancer, gastric cancer, liver tumour, pulmonary tumour, prostate cancer,  breast cancer, cervical cancer, glioma, lung fibroblast, leukemia etc. It is believed that regular consumption of sufficient guava fruit is effectively inhibit the growth of the cancerous cells and metastasis. Several investigators believed that ascorbic acid, apigenin and lycopene are the key molecules of guava which reduce the probability of cancer (Sato et al. 2010). Some findings also suggested that leaf extracts  have the ability to prevent or to inhibit the growth of tumors and cancers. Aqueous extract of P. guajava leaves have been reported to inhibit the viability of the cancer cell line DU-145 in a dose dependent manner. Some researchers also concluded that essential oils extracted from leaves of the plant was highly effective in reducing the growth of Pca DU-145 (the androgen independent Pca cells), human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) (Joseph et al. 2011; Chen et al.2007). Some other findings also confirmed that essential oils of guava leaves have the highest antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 0.0379 mg/ml on P388 cell lines, which is four times more potent than the widely known anticancerous drug vincristine (Chen et al. 2010; Joseph et al. 2011). It is also found that leaf extract exhibited the potential cytotoxic effect on human cervical cancer cell lines and it may have probable apoptotic activity. In an experiment on mice model it was concluded that leaf extract show chemopreventive effect on B16 melanoma cells (Sato et al. 2010). The  compound β-caryophyllene oxide isolated from the essential oil of P. guajava was reported to kill myeloma, prostate and breast cancer cell lines (Kim et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2020). It was opined that guava extract is effective against breast cancer as it has estrogen-like activity and in an experiment guava extract is found useful for treating ER-positive breast cancer cells, such as MCF-7 cells (Rizzo et al. 2014). Some findings concluded that aquatic extract of immature leaves contain anti-prostate cancer agents which effectively reduces-androgen-sensitive prostate cancer  (Chen et al. 2010; Yadav et al. 2010). The Jacoumaric acid of seed extract also has antitumour effect and  it was found to significantly reduce the incidence of tumors (Numata et al. 1989). Phytochemical investigations of an acetone extract of P. guajava seeds has led to the isolation of many compounds which showed cytotoxic activities in vitro against Ehrlich Ascites Cells (EAC) and leukaemia P388 cells (Numata et al. 1989).

 

Protection of Cardiovascular System

Psidium guajava  has been reported to have cardio-protective activity. Consumption of  fruit is highly useful for controlling hypertension and hyperlipidemia in blood vessels and heart. Consumption of fresh guava fruit prevents the possibilities of strokes as the ingredients of fruit  regulate normal blood pressure and decrease cholesterol level. Different constituents of guava help to control blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels (Kumari et al. 2013). It is opined by many researchers that moderate intake of guava fruit in diet may alter the level of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates as well as alter the lipoprotein metabolism. It also lowers the levels of triglycerides along with cholesterol (LDL) and simultaneously improves levels of the good cholesterol i.e., HDL (Kaur et al. 2018). Higher concentration of Arjunolic acid and flavonoids of guava fruits usually keep lipids in normal range and  acts as cardioprotective agents (Kumari et al. 2013). Higher amount of potassium in guava fruit decreases the effects of sodium on the hypertension and ensures smooth blood flow all over the body through expansion of the arteries (Vijaya Anand et al. 2020). Moreover, the fruit holds a high concentration of pectin that causes a significant reduction of lipid in blood by delaying absorption of the foods and thereby reduces the risk of cardiovascular illnesses (Garcia et al. 2002). In a study, it was shown that aqueous leaf extract of P. guajava exhibited cardioprotective effects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the experimental animal model used via cholinergic mechanisms (Ojewole et al. 2008). Further finds also proved that extract of guava leaves can affect the myocardium inotropism (Coutino et al. 2001; Garcia et al. 2002). It is also that acute intravenous administrations of the leaf extract can reduce in systemic arterial blood pressures in a dose dependent manner (Garcia et al. 2002). Some investigators found that both aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of P. guajava inhibits intracellular calcium release (Vernin et al. 1993; Apisariyakul et al. 1993; Chiesi et al. 1994). Aqueous leaf extract of the plant significantly and dose-dependently contracted the aorta rings. A study found that sensitivity of the aortic rings to cumulative doses of guava leaf extract was significantly enhanced in the presence of phentolamine and from the findings it was  suggested that the activity of  guava leaf extract  deals with the  activation of an alpha-adrenoceptor via calcium ion channels (Olatunji et al. 2007). It is also believed by many investigators that some phytoconstituents of leaves like gallic acid, catechins, epicatechins, rutin, naringenin and kaempferol are responsible for the inhibition of the enzyme, pancreatic cholesterol esterase resulting in lower cholesterol in the blood (Kafle et al. 2018).

 

Antidiabetic Activity:

The rapidly increasing diabetes mellitus is becoming a serious threat to human health in all parts of the world. During various episodes of screening of medicinal plant extract from Psidium guajava, it exhibited anti-diabetic effect (Rai et al. 2001). Consumption of guava fruit is very beneficial to individuals with diabetes mellitus as the constituents of the fruits can regulate glucose level in blood and improve insulin sensitivity as well as reduce insulin resistance (Vijaya Anand et al. 2020). Chang (1982) suggested that oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, glucuronic acid, and arjunolic acid may be the key molecules of the fruit that are regulating glucose level in blood. Kumari et al. (2016) identified a drop in the blood glucose levels after supplementation of guava fruit without peels, which could be due to the high content of dietary fiber i.e., pectins in fruit flesh and seed. Consumption of fruits is very effective for muscular functioning as the fruit retain higher concentration of magnesium, which in turn regulate the influx of glucose in the muscles and cells (Vijaya Anand et al. 2020). A study showed that application of skin extract of guava  fruits can control diabetes after 21 days of treatment (Rai et al. 2007). Some investigators also speculated that tannins, flavonoids, pentacyclic triterpenoids, guiajaverin, quercetin and similar chemical compounds  of guava leaves have hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effectsn (Wang et al. 2005). Different experiments on animal model confirmed antidiabetic effect of leaf extract and bark extract of guava with proper mechanism of action (Mukhtar et al. 2004; Cheng et al. 2005; Oh et al. 2005; Mukhtar et al. 2006). Some heteropolysaccharides like guavapoly-saccharide-1, guavapolysaccharide-2, guavapoly-saccharide-3, and guavapolysaccharide-4 have the ability to reduce the levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum alanine transaminase and maintain homeostasis (Vijaya Anand et al. 2020). The aqueous leaf extract, was reported to possess inhibitory effect against carbohydrate-degrading enzymes and also possess the ability to suppress the postprandial blood glucose level in human (Yamanobe et al. 1998). The leaf extract is also claimed as inhibitor of lipase (Ngbolua et al. 2018). Quercetin and flavonoid content in guava leaves also has been found to counteract many diseases originating in the gastrointestinal tract (Arima et al. 2002). The alkalinity of fruits and leaves discourages the growth of pathogenic microbes responsible for gastroenteritis (Kafle et al. 2018).

                                                                                        

Effect on Muscular System:

Guava plant has many significant roles in preventing and curing mascular disorders. Many constituents of the plant have been used extensively in treatment of various problems of mascular system. It is undoubtedly beneficial for the patients suffering from muscular dystrophy  (Lamb et al. 2000). Aqueous leaf infusion of Psidium guajava exhibit a positive therapeutic effect on Degenerative muscular diseases like  muscular dystrophy (Endo 2007). Aqueous leaf infusion of Psidium guajava could block the L-type of calcium-membrane channels and maintain mascular homeostasis. In addition it is also further the experiment on animal model that water and methanolic leaf extracts showed antagonistic effects on caffeine induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of  skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent-manner showed a clear calcium antagonistic effect (Belemtougri et al. 2006).

 

Protection of Central Nervous System

Several experiments reveal that extracts of guava have shown tranquilizing action on nervous system  (Shaheen et al. 2000). Ticzon (1997) showed that decoction of leaves is effective in spasms, epilepsy and other cerebral affections. The sesquiterpenes isolated from hexane extract of leaves were shown to have  depessant activities in mice model (Ticzon 1997). The relaxant properties of the hexane extract of the leaf is largely due to the presence of terpenes, especially caryophylleneoxide and ß-selinene, which influence pentobarbital sleeping time and the latency of convulsions induced by leptazol in mice  (Meckes et al. 1996).

 

Hepatoprotective Activity:

The aqueous extract of leaves possesses hepatoprotective activity. Researches using animal model demonstrated that aqueous leaf extracts have significant hepatoprotective activities (Roy et al. 2006). Extracts of Leaf and fruits of Psidium guajava L. contain a measurable amount of  asiatic acid- a triterpenoid, which enhance the level of both serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum alanine aminotransferase and ultimately improved nuclear condensation, ameliorated proliferation and delay lipid deposition (Gao et al. 2006). Hot water extracts showed high hepatoprotective and lower cytotoxic effects than other extracts (Metwally et al. 2011; Hung-Hui et al. 2011). The leaves of P.guajava also contain copper which promotes healthy thyroid functioning, which is an important process in regulating hormone levels  (Alhamdi et al. 2019).

 

Effect on Dental Plaque:

Dental problem is very common health complaint of human. Some members of oral microbiome of human are responsible for dental problems. More than 350 cultivable bacterial species have been identified in the oral cavity and molecular analyses suggest that an equal number of non-cultivable flora are also present  (Marcotte et al. 1998). Microbial accumulation on oral surfaces is a major factor in the development of most of the common dental diseases such as dental caries, plaque and periodontal disease  (Vohra et al. 2012). Guava contains good concentration of quercetin which has been shown to exhibit incredible antibacterial activity against such oral microbes like Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia etc. The fermented products and other metabolites of such microorganisms often dissolves the mineral in the tooth enamel leads to decalcification and formation of tooth decay or cavities   (Shaheena et al. 2019). The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation of the development of dental plaque (Razak et al., 2006). Guava extract without disturbing the oral cavity acts against oral plagues  (Kafle et al. 2018). The phytoconstituents of guava  may also fight against oxidative stress and prevent deterioration of oral health  (Shetty et al. 2015). Intake of guava fruit is also effective against bleeding gums (scurvy) and ulcers. Leaves can be chewed directly to get instant relief from toothache (Kafle et al.2018). Bad breath can also be controlled with guava leaves owing to folate content in guava. In some regions including Indian subcontinent raw young leaves and tender shoots of guava have been used for toothache and mouth ulcers (Okwu et al. 2003; Pradhan et al. 2008)

 

Anti cough:

Traditionally guava fruit is considered as effective food to prevent common cold and cough as it retain higher amount of ascorbic acid. In folk treatment guava leaves are frequently used against cough. The leaves have been found to be effective in curing cough it is rich in ascorbic acid and iron. Ascorbic acid acts against unfriendly microbes of respiratory tract, where as iron reduces lungs congestion  and mucous formation (Jaiarj et al. 1999). The water infusion from Psidium guajava leaves decreased the frequency of coughing induced by capsaicin aerosol as compared to the control, within10 minutes after injection of the extract (Jaiarj et al. 1999). The study support the anti cough property of guava leaf extract.

 

Wound Healing:

From the ancient time guava leaves have been used extensively for wound healing. In a study, by using excision wound model, wound healing properties of  methanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. were confirmed and it was found that more than 90% wound healing was completed within 14 days of post-surgery, whereas 72% healing was completed when treated with water extract (Michael et al. 2002). Further findings concluded that tannins and flavonoids exhibit faster healing when a methanolic extract of guava leaves was applied on injured tissue (Kafle et al. 2018).

 

Antistress Activity:

Indigenous medicinal  practitioners use leaf extract of guava in treatment of stress and nerve stimulant. An ethanol extract of the Psidium guajava L. were investigated for anoxia stress tolerance test and swimming endurance test in Swiss mice and showed significant adaptogenic activity against the stress models  (Lozoya et al. 2002). A study showed that an ethanol extract of  Psidium guajava were investigated for anoxia stress tolerance stress and swimming endurance test in Swiss mice and showed significant adaptogenic activity against stress model  (Echemendia et al. 2004).

 

Protection from Skin Disorders:

The phytoconstituents in the guava fruit help to delay the aging process and also reduce the occurrence of skin disorders. Lycopene and flavonoids help in the cure of cancerous cells and help to prevent skin aging before time (Vijaya Anand et al. 2016). Several experiments confirmed that the phytoconstituents of guava leaves are effective against different dermatophytes and other microbes associated with skin infections (Dutta et al. 2000; Vijaya Anand et al. 2002; Nair et al. 2007, Chanda et al. 2011).

 

Conclusion

The use of natural therapy in the treatment and prevention of disease is not only safe, but also easily available. Presently physicians or practioners are also looking for alternative treatment of medicine for curing various diseases. It is undoubtedly confirmed by the researchers that the small amount of guava in  daily diet provide huge health benefits. Different parts of the plant have been used as folk medicine without any side effects. Several reports have dealt with numerous therapeutic properties of guava in the forms of fruits, leaf extract, bark, essential oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and isolated bioactive components. World Health Organization has also recommended that the daily consumption of  fruits like guava  reduces the risk of many diseases and disorders. In addition bioactive compounds of different parts of the plant protect human health from various pathogens. The present communication revealed that all parts of Psidium guajava L. is a pharmacologically and chemically beneficial for human. Apart from the fruit different parts of the plant contains herbal drugs and phytoconstituents. In present scenario there is a growing trend to use the medicinal plants as the natural resources in order to develop new drugs and in that point of view Guava plant is a bless of nature for the present civilization. However, this information alone is not sufficient to provide evidence for safety and efficacy of a natural product and requires further investigation.

 

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