Posts

Showing posts from January, 2024

IUCN

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN) plays a pivotal role in global biodiversity conservation by providing authoritative assessments and frameworks that guide environmental policy and scientific research. Established as a global authority, the IUCN’s primary contribution is its Red List of Threatened Species, which categorizes species based on their extinction risk. This categorization helps prioritize conservation efforts, informs sustainable development policies, and supports ecosystem management strategies worldwide. The Red List operates on a rigorous scientific methodology that evaluates species against criteria such as population size, rate of decline, geographic range, and degree of population fragmentation. These criteria place species in categories ranging from Least Concern to Critically Endangered, with some species classified as Extinct or Extinct in the Wild. This systematic approach provides a standardized language for conser...

Comparison between Normal and Coralloid Root:

Comparison between Normal and Coralloid Root:   Normal root:   Coralloid root:   1. Develops from the radicle, tap root system   2. Geotropic   3. Such characters are absent   4. Such infection is absent     5. Root hairs are present   6. Cortex is smaller   7. Such division is absent       8. Secondary growth present   9. Main functions are: fixation of plant, absorption of water and mineral nutrients   1. Develops from the normal roots   2. Apogeotropic   3. Develops from the normal roots   4. Dichotomously branched and appears like coral   5. Gets infected with algae, bacteria   6. Cortex is wider in comparison   7. Due to presence of the algal zone in the cortex, it is differentiated into outer cortex and inner cortex   8. Xylem ver...

Significance of coralloid root

Significance of coralloid root Coralloid roots are a fascinating adaptation in certain plant species that enables them to thrive in nutrient-poor soils by forming a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. This type of root is found in Cycas . This unique root structure helps these plants access essential nitrogen, contributing to their survival and ecological significance.   Symbiotic relationship : Coralloid roots are primarily associated with a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, specifically species of the genus Nostoc. This relationship is mutualistic, benefiting both the plant and the cyanobacteria.   Nitrogen fixation : Cyanobacteria living within the coralloid roots are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be readily absorbed by the plant. This process provides the host plant with a vital source of nitrogen, an essential nutrient for plant growth.   Unique appearance : Corall...

Coralloid Root Structure

  Coralloid roots : Coralloid roots, also known as "coral-like roots," are specialized root structures found in some plants, particularly certain species of cycads and gymnosperms. These roots have unique features and functions that set them apart from typical plant roots. Here are some important notes on coralloid roots: Structure : The transverse section of the coralloid root is similar to that of normal root and it can be differentiated into epidermis, cortex and vascular tissue. a. Epidermis : In young root, it is similar to normal root. However, in old root the outermost tissue is periderm. It consists of 2 to 5 layers of dead cells. b. Cortex : The cortex is wider in comparison with the normal root. A greenish algal zone is present almost in the middle of the cortex and divides it into outer cortex and inner cortex. The algal zone consists of loosely co blue green algae ( Anabaena cycadae, Nostoc punctiforme, Oscillatoria , Pseudomonas radicicola ) and som...

Transverse Section of Leaflet of Cycas

Image
Transverse Section of Leaflet of Cycas Cycas is a perennial, slow-growing evergreen gymnospermic plant.  It looks like a palm tree. Its main plant body is sporophytic, diploid, dominant and can be differentiated into three parts – roots, stem and leaves. leaves are also produced in a crown at the apex of the stem. A single foliage leaf is pinnately compound. It is unipinnate and paripinnate. Each leaf has 80-100 pairs of leaflets which are arranged on both the sides of adaxial groove of the rachis in opposite or alternate manner.   The leaflets are tough, thick, and leathery. A transverse section of the leaflet of Cycas shows the following structures : (1) Cuticle: The upper surface of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle. It serves to check excessive transpiration. (2) Epidermis : The leaflet is surrounded by an upper and lower epidermis. the single-layered epidermis is made up of thick-walled parenchymatous cells. both the lower and upper epidermis are covered external...

Clam Connection

Image
  Clam Connection  Clam Connection  āĻāĻ•āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ•োāĻļ āĻŦিāĻ­াāϜāύ āϝা āĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻĄিāĻ“āĻŽাāχāϏিāϟিāϏ āĻ›āϤ্āϰাāĻ•ে āĻĄাāχāĻ•্āϝাāϰিāĻ“āϟিāĻ• āĻ…āύুāϏূāϤ্āϰে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় । āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻ•োāĻļেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦাঁāĻ•াāύো āωāĻĒāĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻļীāϰ্āώāĻ•োāĻļেāϰ āϤāϞাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ় । āĻāĻ•āϟি ) āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻāχ āĻ•্āϞ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦিāĻ­াāϜিāϤ āĻšāϝ় , āĻ…āύ্āϝ āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏāϟি āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻ•োāĻļ āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāϤāϞে āĻŦিāĻ­াāϜিāϤ āĻšāϝ় । āĻāϰāĻĢāϞে āĻ•্āϞ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻ•োāĻļে āĻĻুāϟি āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•্āϞ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻ“ āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻ•োāĻļেāϰ āϤāϞাāϝ় āĻ…āύ্āϝ āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏāϟি āĻĨাāĻ•ে । āĻ•্āϞ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻ—োāĻĄ়াāϤে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϧাāϝ় āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻ•্āϞ্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻļ্āĻŦে āĻļীāϰ্āώāĻ•োāĻļেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āĻĨে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϧাāϝ় āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϝ় āĻĢāϞে āĻĻুāϟি āĻ•োāĻļ āĻĻুāϟি āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšāϝ় । āϚিāϤ্āϰঃāĻŦ্āϝাāϏিāĻĄিāĻ“āĻŽাāχāϏিāϟিāϏেāϰ āĻ•্āϞাāĻŽ্āĻĒ āĻ•াāύেāĻ•āĻļāύ । āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া  ঃ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•োāĻļেāϤে āĻĻুāϟি āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āϝাāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ•āϰা āϏেāχ āϏāĻŦ āĻ…āύুāϏূāϤ্āϰে āϝেāĻ–াāύে āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏ āĻĻুāϟি āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āύা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āωāĻĒāϰ - āύীāϚে āĻĨাāĻ•ে !

Differences between Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes .

Differences between Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes .  The plant bodies of pteridophytes are provided with well developed true roots , stems and leaves . They possess vascular or conducting tissues such as xylem and phloem and so they are known as vascular cryptogams. They never produced seeds at all. The plant bodies of gymnosperms are provided with true roots , stems , leaves and vascular bundles. Their seeds are exposed and remain in naked condition simply on the surface of the megasporophylls . The main points of differences between Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes are given below : ( 1 ) The majority of pteridophytes are homosporous whereas all gymnosperms are heterosporous . ( 2 ) The roots are adventitious in pteridophytes whereas in most of the gymnosperms , the roots are tap roots . ( 3 ) The stems are mostly underground rhizomes in most of the ferns , wheras in gymnosperms , the stems are aerial .  ( 4 ) The gymnospermous stems have a eustelic organisation whereas in the ...

Affinity of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes

Affinity of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes :  The gymnosperms resemble the pteridophytes by the following features : (1) Both possess independent sporophytes which are differentiated into root , stem and leaves . Both the groups exhibit heterosporous life cycle . (2) The sporophytes possess a well developed vascular system such as xylem and phloem . The xylem in most of the members of groups lacks vessels and the phloem lacks companion cells . (3) Many Cycads resemble the ferns in possesing large compound leaves and the in the circinate ptyxis of the leaves . Dichotomous venation in Ginkgo  and ferns . (4) The female sex organs are archegonia in both the groups . (5) The male gametes of Cycads and Ginko are motile , like the pteridophytes .  (6) Many pteridophytes like Marselia,Salvinia , Azolla, Isoetes and Selaginella are heterosporous like the gymnosperms . ( 7 ) Some of the heterosporous pteridophytes possess one megaspore in the megasporangium , like the gymnosperms ...

Affinity of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms

  Affinity of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms :  The gymnosperms resemble the angiosperms by the following features : ( 1 ) Both the groups , include trees and shrubs and may be erect , scandent or climbing . ( 2 ) The root system is well developed and the roots may be diarch , triarch , tetrarch or polyarch . The roots possess secondary growth . The xylem is exarch in the roots . ( 3 ) The stele of the stem is eustelic . The secondary growth is present in the stem . The secondary wood may be monoxylic or polyxylic. ( 4 ) Both the groups , produce seeds. ( 5 ) Both the groups are heterosporous and posses endosporic and reduced gametophytes . ( 6 ) The megaspore is in organic connection with the megasporangium and is never shed . ( 7 ) The nucellus is surrounded by an integument to form an ovule. The ovule has a micropyle and may be stalked or sessile. ( 8 ) The pollen grains grow into pollen tubes .  ( 9 ) The male gametes are non - motile in majority of gymnosperms and all...

Bryophyte Short question

Image
 

Aromatic Plant

Image
 

āϟেāϰিāĻĄোāĻĢাāχāϟাāϰ āϏāĻšিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāϰিāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏাāĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ

 • āϟেāϰিāĻĄোāĻĢাāχāϟাāϰ āϏāĻšিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāϰিāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏাāĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ  1. āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāĻš āĻŽূāϞ , āĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϤাāϝ় āĻŦিāĻ­েāĻĻিāϤ । āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāχ āĻ…āϏāĻŽāϰেāĻŖুāĻĒ্āϰāϏূ ( heterosporous ) āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āϏāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ ( heteromorphic ) āϜীāĻŦāύāϚāĻ•্āϰ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ । 2. āύাāϞিāĻ•া āĻŦাāύ্āĻĄিāϞে āϜাāχāϞেāĻŽ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϟ্āϰাāĻ•িāϝ়াāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻšāϝ় ( āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ — āϟেāϰিāĻĄোāĻĢাāχāϟাāϰ , Selaginella āĻ“ Pteridium āĻāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ Gneturn ) । 3. āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϤে āĻĒুংāϞিāĻ™্āĻ—āϧāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻ āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻ›োāϟো āĻāĻŦং āĻš্āϰাāϏāĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϰেāĻŖু āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĢুāϟিāϤ āĻšāϝ় ( āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĢাāϰ্āύ āϜাāϤীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻে ) । 4. āϏ্āϤ্āϰীāϞিāĻ™্āĻ—āϧāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻে āϏ্āϤ্āϰীāϧাāύী āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻĨাāĻ•ে ( āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ — āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ Gneturn ) । 5. āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϤে āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĢুāϟāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϜাāχāĻ—োāϟেāϰ āĻĄিāĻĒ্āϞāϝ়েāĻĄ āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏāϟিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦাāϧ ( free ) āύিāωāĻ•্āϞীāϝ় āĻŦিāĻ­াāϜāύেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϏংāĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ় ( āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ — āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ Gnetum ) । 6. āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύāϚāĻ•্āϰে āϞিāĻ™্āĻ—āϧāϰ āĻ“ āϰেāĻŖুāϧāϰ āϜāύু āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়াāύ্āĻŦিāϤ ( alternate ) āĻšāϝ় । 7. āĻļুāĻ•্āϰাāĻŖু āĻĢ্āϞ্āϝাāϜেāϞাāϝুāĻ•্āϤ ( āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াংāĻļ āϟেāϰিāĻĄোāĻĢাāχāϟা āĻāĻŦং āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ Ginkgo āĻ“ Gnetum ) ।

āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜীāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻšিāϤ āĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāϰিāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏাāĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ

 • āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜীāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻšিāϤ āĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāϰিāϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϏাāĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ (  1. āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦীāϰুā§Ž , āĻ—ুāϞ্āĻŽ , āĻŦৃāĻ•্āώ āĻŦা āφāϰোāĻšী āĻšāϝ় । 2. āĻŽূāϞেāϰ āϜাāχāϞেāĻŽ āĻāĻ•্āϏাāϰ্āĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ । āĻŽূāϞে āĻ—ৌāĻŖ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় । āĻŽূāϞāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ āωāύ্āύāϤ । āĻŽূāϞেāϰ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϏ্āϤāĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻĄাāχāφāϰ্āĻ• , āϟেāϟ্āϰাāϰ্āĻ• āĻŦা āĻĒāϞিāφāϰ্āĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ । 3. āĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āχāωāϏ্āϟিāϞি āϧāϰāύেāϰ । āĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄে āĻ—ৌāĻŖ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻšāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻ—ৌāĻŖ āĻ•াāώ্āĻ  āĻŽāύোāϜাāχāϞিāĻ• āĻŦা āĻĒāϞিāϜাāχāϞিāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ । 4. āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŦীāϜ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ । 5. āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āϰেāĻŖুāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ…āϏāĻŽāϰেāĻŖুāĻĒ্āϰāϏূ ( heterosporus ) āĻāĻŦং āĻāύ্āĻĄোāϏ্āĻ•োāĻĒিāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϞিāĻ™্āĻ—āϧāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰে । 6. āĻŽেāĻ—াāϏ্āĻĒোāϰ , āĻŽেāĻ—াāϏ্āĻĒোāϰাāύāϜিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻ–āύোāχ āĻŦাāχāϰে āύিāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āĻšāϝ় āύা । 7. āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻĻুāϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤ ( āĻŽাāχāĻ•্āϰোāĻĒাāχāϞ āĻ“ āϚ্āϝাāϞাāϜা ) āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻĄিāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āϏ্āϤ্āϰীāϰেāĻŖুāϟি āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖী āϏ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āφāĻŦৃāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে । ā§Ē. āωāĻ­āϝ়āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āĻĒুংāϰেāĻŖু ( āĻĒāϰাāĻ—āϰেāĻŖু ) āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ•ুāϰোāĻĻ্āĻ—āĻŽেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻĒāϰাāĻ—āύাāϞি āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšāϝ় । 9. āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻ Gnetum- āϰ āĻŽāϤো , āĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒুংāϞিāĻ™্āĻ—āϧāϰ āϜāύুāϤে āĻĒ্āϰোāĻĨ্āϝাāϞিāϝ়াāϞ āĻ•োāĻļ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻšāϝ় āύা । 10. āωāĻ­āϝ় āϧāϰāύেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻে āĻāύ্āĻĄোāϏ্āĻ•োāĻĒিāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ­্āϰূāĻŖেāϰ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় ।

āĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦীāϜী āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤāĻŦীāϜি āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻ āĻāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ

Image
 

Cycas āĻāϰ āϜāύāύ

Image
 

āĻĒাāχāύাāϏ āĻāϰ āϜāύāύ

Image
 

Penicillium Practical

Image
  āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ: 1.  āĻŽাāχāϏেāϞিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āĻĨ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻļাāĻ–াāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āϏূāϤ্āϰেāϰ āύ্āϝাāϝ় । 2. āĻ…āĻŖুāϏূāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•োāĻļ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻšীāύ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ•্āϞোāϰোāĻĢিāϞāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ• āĻŦা āĻŦāĻšু āύিāωāĻ•্āϞিāϝ়াāϏāϝুāĻ•্āϤ ।  3. āĻ•āύিāĻĄিāĻ“āĻĢোāϰেāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻļাāĻ–াāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āĻ…āĻ—্āϰāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ•āύিāĻĄিāϝ়া āĻļৃāĻ™্āĻ–āϞাāĻ•াāϰে āϏāϜ্āϜিāϤ ।  .............................................................................. āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āύāĻŽুāύাāϟি āĻ›āϤ্āϰাāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻ…্āϝাāϏāĻ•োāĻŽাāχāϏেāϟিāϏ ( Ascomycetes ) āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖিāĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ । 1 āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻļাāĻ–াāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āύিāĻĄিāĻ“āĻĢোāϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়āĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āϰ‍্āϝাāĻŽাāϏ , āĻŽেāϟুāϞি , āĻĢিāϝ়াāϞিāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻ•āύিāĻĄিāϝ়া āĻļৃāĻ™্āĻ–āϞ āĻāĻ•āϤ্āϰে āĻ•্āώুāĻĻ্āϰ āĻাঁāϟাāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰে āϏāϜ্āϜিāϤ । 2. āĻ•āύিāĻĄিāϝ়াāĻŽāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ—োāϞাāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦা āωāĻĒāĻŦৃāϤ্āϤাāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ•োāĻļী , āĻŽāϏৃāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻ…āĻŽāϏৃāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ ।  3. āĻŦāύ্āϧ্āϝা āĻ…āĻŖুāϏূāϤ্āϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻ—āĻ িāϤ āĻ—োāϞাāĻ•াāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻĻেāĻšে āĻ…্āϝাāϏāĻ•োāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĒ āĻŦা āĻ•্āϞিāϏ্āϟোāĻĨেāϏিāϝ়াāĻŽ āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ ।  4. āĻ…্āϝাāϏāĻ•োāĻ•াāϰ্āĻĒে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻ—োāϞাāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…্āϝাāϏāĻ•াāϏে ā§Ē āϟি āĻ•āϰে āĻ…্āϝাāϏāĻ•োāϰেāĻŖু āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় । . ..................................āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āύāĻŽুāύাāϟিāϰ āĻ—āĻŖ— āĻĒেāύিāϏিāϞিāϝ়াāĻŽ ( Penicillium sp . ) 

Cycas āĻ“ Pinus āĻāϰ āĻĒাāϤাāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—āϤ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ

Image
 

āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ•āϟেāϰিāϝ়া āĻ“ āĻ›āϤ্āϰাāĻ• āĻāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ

Image
 

āĻ•্āϝাāϞিāĻ•্āϏ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ

  āĻ•্āϝাāϞিāĻ•্āϏ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāϤি āĻšāϞ āĻĢুāϞেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ āϝা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϏāĻŦুāϜ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒাāϤাāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻšāϝ়। āĻāϟি āĻĢুāϞেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻĢুāϞেāϰ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়ে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে। āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ় āĻ•্āϝাāϞিāĻ•্āϏāĻ•ে āĻŦৃāϤি āĻŦা āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়। āĻŦৃāϤিāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে: ā§§. āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦৃāϤি (Gamosepalous Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āϏāĻŦ āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϰেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻĢāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϟিāωāĻŦেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϝ়। ⧍. āĻŦিāϚ্āĻ›িāύ্āύ āĻŦৃāϤি (Polysepalous Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϟি āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āφāϞাāĻĻা āĻāĻŦং āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। ā§Š. āĻ…āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤ āĻŦৃāϤি (Irregular Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āφāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। ā§Ē. āύিāϝ়āĻŽিāϤ āĻŦৃāϤি (Regular Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āϏāĻŦ āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻ•āχ āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āφāĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। ā§Ģ. āĻ…āĻĒāϏাāϰāĻŖāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻŦা āĻĒāϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻŦৃāϤি (Caducous Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĢুāϞ āĻĢোāϟাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāϰে āϝাāϝ়। ā§Ŧ. āĻ…āĻŽāϰ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻĨাāϝ়ী āĻŦৃāϤি (Persistent Calyx): āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৃāϤিāϤে, āĻŦৃāύ্āϤāĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĢুāϞ āĻāϰে āϝাāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰেāĻ“ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝাāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āĻĢāϞেāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻŦৃāϤিāϰ āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϧāϰāύ āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϜাāϤি, āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ...

Reproduction of Pinus

  Reproduction of Pinus Pinus, commonly known as pine trees, are evergreen conifers within the Pinaceae family. They are one of the most widespread and commercially important tree species, known for their long life and robust wood. Pines are also ecologically significant, forming vast forests that support a wide range of biodiversity. The reproduction of Pinus is a fascinating and complex process involving alternation of generations, specialized structures, and synchronized events. This essay delves into the various stages of the reproductive cycle of Pinus, highlighting the adaptations and ecological significance of these processes.   Overview of Pinus Reproduction The reproduction of Pinus occurs through a sexual cycle known as the alternation of generations. This involves alternating between a haploid generation (gametophyte) and a diploid generation (sporophyte). The sporophyte generation is the dominant, recognizable pine tree, while the gametophytes are the microscopic m...