Prinnciples of Pure Line Selection

  Pure Line Selection   Pure line selection is one of the oldest and most important methods of plant breeding. It is mainly used for the improvement of self-pollinated crops. In agriculture, many crop plants show natural variation in characters such as plant height, maturity, grain size, seed colour, disease resistance, and yield. A plant breeder studies this variation and selects the best plant from the available population. When the selected superior plant is self-pollinated generation after generation, its progeny becomes highly uniform and stable. This uniform and genetically similar group of plants is called a pure line.   The concept of pure line selection has played a major role in the development of improved crop varieties. It helped breeders convert variable local populations into uniform and high-performing varieties. The method is simple, scientific, and economical, so it has remained a fundamental topic in plant breeding courses. For undergraduate stud...

Affinity of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms

 Affinity of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms

The gymnosperms resemble the angiosperms by the following features :

( 1 ) Both the groups , include trees and shrubs and may be erect , scandent or climbing .

( 2 ) The root system is well developed and the roots may be diarch , triarch , tetrarch or polyarch . The roots possess secondary growth . The xylem is exarch in the roots .

( 3 ) The stele of the stem is eustelic . The secondary growth is present in the stem . The secondary wood may be monoxylic or polyxylic.

( 4 ) Both the groups , produce seeds.

( 5 ) Both the groups are heterosporous and posses endosporic and reduced gametophytes .

( 6 ) The megaspore is in organic connection with the megasporangium and is never shed .

( 7 ) The nucellus is surrounded by an integument to form an ovule. The ovule has a micropyle and may be stalked or sessile.

( 8 ) The pollen grains grow into pollen tubes . 

( 9 ) The male gametes are non - motile in majority of gymnosperms and all angiosperms .

( 10 ) The male gametophytes are highly reduced . Gnetum lacks prothallus cells .

( 11 ) The germination of the spores is precocious . 

( 12 ) The embryogeny is endoscopic .  




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